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Perception > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is object recognition ?

A

Ability to identify objects

Computer visions can struggle with this

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2
Q

Is the stimulus we perceive ambiguous?

A

Yes!

Ex. With a paper we assume

That the page is rectangular

Then we extend rays to see fully what it is and it’s angle

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3
Q

What is the inverse projection problem?

A

The idea that a particular image on the retina could have been caused by an infinite number of different objects. This means that the retinal image does not unambiguously specify a stimulus.

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4
Q

Hidden objects are harder to find because…

A

Anytime one part of an object obscures/occludes the object

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5
Q

What is the viewpoint invariance?

A

The condition in which object properties don’t change when viewed from different angles. Responsible for our ability to recognize objects when viewed from different angles.
Ex. Chair at angle

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6
Q

What is perceptual organization?

A

Process by which small elements become perceptually grouped into larger objects

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7
Q

What is visual grouping?

A

In perceptual organization, the process by which visual events are “put together” into units or objects.

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8
Q

What is visual segregation? (Works with grouping)

A

The process of separating one area or object from another.

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9
Q

What are gestalt psychologists?

A

A reaction to structuralism. Uses principles of perceptual organization and figure ground segregation. Says that the whole is different from the sum of its parts

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10
Q

What is structuralism ?

A

The approach to psychology big in 19th and 20th centuries. Say that perception is cuz elementary sensations.

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11
Q

What is Apparent movement?

A

An illusion of movement that occurs when two objects separated in space are presented rapidly, one after another, separated by a brief time interval.

Ex. Spinning and flashing circle

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12
Q

What are illusory contours?

A

Contour that is perceived even though it is not present in the physical stimulus

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13
Q

What are the gestalt principles of perceptual organization?

A

Principles that describe how elements in a scene become grouped together. Many of these were proposed by original gestalt guys, but some new too.

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14
Q

What is the principle of good continuation?

A

Connecting lines, lines in same path will be assumed they’re one whole.

Also, objects that are partially covered by an object are seen as going behind

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15
Q

What is prägnaz, principle of good figure, principle of simplicity?

A

Every stimulus pattern is seen as the final result being as simple as possible

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16
Q

What is the principle of similarity?

A

Similar things tend to be grouped together

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17
Q

What is the principle of proximity?

A

Things near each other appear to be grouped together.

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18
Q

What is the principle of common fate?

A

Things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together

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19
Q

What is the principle of common region?

A

Elements within same region of space will be grouped

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20
Q

What is the principle of uniform connectedness?

A

A connected region of the same visual properties, like lightness, colour, texture, or motion will be perceived as a single unit

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21
Q

What is figure ground segregation?

A

Perceptual separation of an object from its background

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22
Q

What is a reversible figure ground?

A

Can be perceived alternately on which is the figure, and which is the ground

23
Q

What are some properties when determining which is the figure and ground ? (4)

A
  1. The figure should be more thinglike
  2. Figure should be in front of ground
  3. Ground is seen as unformed material where it meets the figure (extends behind figure)
  4. Border of figure and ground belongs to the figure (border ownership)
24
Q

What are figural cues?

A

Visual cue that determines how an image is segregated into figure and ground

25
Q

Does convex figures effect figure ground?

A

Yes, more convex is more likely to be determined the figure

26
Q

What is the recognition by components theory?

A

Theory that states that objects are comprised of individual geometric components called geons, and we recognize objects based on the arrangement of those geons.

27
Q

What is a scene?

A

A view of a real world environment that contains

  1. Background elements
  2. Multiple objects that are organized in a meaningful way relative to each other and the background
28
Q

What is the difference between objects and scenes?

A

Objects: objects are compact and acted upon

Scenes: extended in space and are acted within

29
Q

What is the gist of a scene?

A

General description of a scene. People can identify most scenes after viewing them for only a fraction of a second, like when they flip tv channels. It takes longer to identify the details within the scene.

30
Q

How long does it take to get the gist of a scene?

A

Around 250 ms

31
Q

What is persistence of vision?

A

When the perception of any stimulus persists for about 250 ms after the stimulus is gone

32
Q

What is a visual masking stimulus?

A

A visual pattern that, when presented immediately after a visual stimulus, decreases a persons ability to perceive the stimulus. This stops the persistence of vision and therefore limits the effective duration of the stimulus.

33
Q

What are global image features?

A

Info that allows people to get the gist of a scene.

Ex.
-degree of naturalness: ocean, forest

-degree of openness: visible horizon,

-degreee of roughness: smooth scenes like oceans have less small elements

-degree of expansion: convergence of parallel lines

-Desiree of colour: some things have characteristic colours (ocean is usually blue)

34
Q

What are two features of global image features?

A

Holistic and rapidly perceived

35
Q

What are regularities in the environment?

A

Characteristics of the environment that occur regularly and in many different situations

36
Q

What are physical regularities?

A

Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment

37
Q

What is the light from above assumption?

A

We usually assume light is coming from above

38
Q

What are semantic regularities?

A

Characteristics associated with the functions associated with different types of scenes. These characteristics are learning from experience. Ex. Most people are aware of the kinds of activities and objects that are usually associated with kitchens

39
Q

What is a scene schema?

A

An observer’s knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes. An observers attention is usually affected by knowledge of what is usually found in the scene

40
Q

What is the likelihood principle?

A

The idea proposed by Helmholtz that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

41
Q

What is an unconscious inference?

A

Our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about our environment

42
Q

What is the Bayesian inference?

A

A statistical approach to perception in which perception is determined by taking probabilities into account. These probabilities are based on past experiences in perceiving properties of objects and scenes

43
Q

What two factors influence our estimate of the probability of an outcome?

A
  1. Prior probability (initial estimate of the probability of an outcome)
  2. Extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome (likelihood of the outcome)
44
Q

What is predictive coding?

A

Describes how the brain uses our past experiences or our priors to predict what we will perceive.

45
Q

What is the lateral occipital complex (LOC)

A

Part of the brain that activates when a person views any kind of object- such as an animal, face, house, or tool. But not when they view a texture, or an object with the parts scrambled.

46
Q

What is the fusiform face area?

A

Reacts to faces

47
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Difficulties recognizing the faces of familiar people

48
Q

What is the extrastriate body area? (EBA)

A

Activated by parts of bodies but not faces or other objects

49
Q

What is the parahippocampal place area (PPA)?

A

Activated by indoor and outdoor scenes

50
Q

What is the spatial layout hypothesis?

A

The PPA/PHC responds to geometric layout of a scene

51
Q

What is a condition called binocular rivalry?

A

In which one image is shown to left eye and one is shown to the right eye, and perception alternates back and forth between the two images

52
Q

What is neural mind reading?

A

Using fmri to see neural activity and guessing what person is thinking /perceiving

53
Q

What do they use for neural mind reading?

A

Multivoxal pattern analysis

54
Q

How do we predict the most likely stimulus with neural mind reading?

A

Decoder

Perception (14 decks)

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