Chapter 5

Question 1

Planning

Answer 1

choosing a goal and developing a strategy to achieve that goal

Question 2

S.M.A.R.T. goals

Answer 2

goals that are specifc measurable attain able realistic and timely

Question 3

Goal commitment

Answer 3

the determination to achieve a goal

Question 4

Action plan

Answer 4

a plan that lists the specifc steps people re sources and time period needed to attain a goal

Question 5

Proximal goals

Answer 5

shortterm goals or subgoals

Question 6

Distal goals

Answer 6

longterm or primary goals

Question 7

Optionsbased planning

Answer 7

maintaining planning fexibility by making small simultaneous investments in many alternative plans

Question 8

Slack resources

Answer 8

a cushion of extra resources that can be used with optionsbased planning to adapt to unan ticipated changes problems or opportunities

Question 9

Strategic plans

Answer 9

overall company plans that clarify how the company will serve custom ers and position itself against competitors over the next two to fve years

Question 10

Purpose statement

Answer 10

a statement of a companyfs pur pose or reason for existing

Question 11

Management by objec tives (MBO) a

Answer 11

fourstep process in which managers and employees discuss and select goals develop tactical plans and meet regularly to review progress toward goal accomplishment

Question 12

Tactical plans

Answer 12

plans created and implemented by middle managers that specify how the company will use resources budgets and people over the next six months to two years to accomplish specifc goals within its mission

Question 13

Strategic objective

Answer 13

a more specifc goal that unifes companywide efforts stretches and challenges the organiza tion and possesses a fnish line and a time frame

Question 14

Operational plans

Answer 14

day today plans developed and implemented by lowerlevel managers for producing or delivering the organizationfs products and services over a thirtyday to sixmonth period

Question 15

Singleuse plans

Answer 15

plans that cover unique onetimeonly events

Question 16

Standing plans

Answer 16

plans used repeatedly to handle frequently recurring events

Question 17

Policies

Answer 17

standing plans that indicate the general course of action that should be taken in response to a particular event or situation

Question 18

Procedures

Answer 18

standing plans that indicate the specifc steps that should be taken in response to a particular event

Question 19

Rules and regulations

Answer 19

standing plans that describe how a particular action should be performed or what must happen or not happen in response to a particular event

Question 20

Budgeting

Answer 20

quantitative plan ning through which managers decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals

Question 21

Problem

Answer 21

a gap between a desired state and an existing state

Question 22

Rational decision mak ing

Answer 22

a systematic process of defning problems evaluating alternatives and choosing optimal solutions

Question 23

Decision making

Answer 23

the process of choosing a solution from available alternatives

Question 24

Decision criteria

Answer 24

the stan dards used to guide judgments and decisions

Question 25

Absolute comparisons

Answer 25

a process in which each decision criterion is compared to a standard or ranked on its own merits

Question 26

Relative comparisons

Answer 26

a process in which each decision criterion is compared directly with every other criterion

Question 27

Maximize

Answer 27

choosing the best alternative

Question 28

Satisfcing

Answer 28

choosing a fgoodenoughf alternative

Question 29

Groupthink

Answer 29

a barrier to good decision making caused by pressure within the group for members to agree with each other

Question 30

Ctype confict (cogni tive confict)

Answer 30

disagreement that focuses on problem and issuerelated differences of opinion

Question 31

Atype confict (affec tive confict)

Answer 31

disagreement that focuses on individuals or personal issues

Question 32

Devilfs advocacy

Answer 32

a deci sionmaking method in which an individual or a subgroup is assigned the role of critic

Question 33

Dialectical inquiry

Answer 33

a decisionmaking method in which decision makers state the assumptions of a proposed solution (a thesis) and generate a solution that is the opposite (antithesis) of that solution

Question 34

Nominal group tech nique

Answer 34

a decisionmaking method that begins and ends by having group members quietly write down and evaluate ideas to be shared with the group

Question 35

Delphi technique

Answer 35

a decisionmaking method in which members of a panel of experts respond to questions and to each other until reaching agreement on an issue

Question 36

Brainstorming

Answer 36

a decision making method in which group members build on each othersf ideas to generate as many alter native solutions as possible

Question 37

Production blocking

Answer 37

a disadvantage of facetoface brainstorming in which a group member must wait to share an idea because another member is presenting an idea

Question 38

Electronic brainstorm ing

Answer 38

a decisionmaking method in which group members use computers to build on each othersf ideas and generate as many alternative solutions as possible

Question 39

Production blocking

Answer 39

a disadvantage of facetoface brainstorming in which a group member must wait to share an idea because another member is presenting an idea

Question 40

Evaluation apprehension

Answer 40

fear of what others will think of your ideas