Chapter 5

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. (Very large)

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Question 3

Monomers

Answer 3

Repeating units that serve as the building blocks for polymers.

Question 4

Enzymes

Answer 4

Speed up chemical reactions.

Question 5

Dehydration reactions

Answer 5

When two molecules are covalently bonded with the loss of a water molecule.

Question 6

Hydrolysis

Answer 6

A process that is essentially the revers of the dehydration reaction. Breaking apart with water.

Question 7

Carbohydrates

Answer 7

Both sugars and polymers of sugars, the simplest is a monosaccharide.

Question 8

Disaccharide

Answer 8

Double sugars with two or more monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond.

Question 9

Polysaccharides

Answer 9

Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage.

Question 10

Starch

Answer 10

Plants store. Polymer of glucose monomers, as granules within cellular structures known as plastids.

Question 11

Cellulose

Answer 11

A polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose the plant cell.

Question 12

Chitin

Answer 12

Structural polysaccharides, a carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons.

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

They mix poorly, if at all with water.

Question 14

Fats

Answer 14

Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 15

Fatty acid

Answer 15

Long carbon skeleton. Carbon at the end is part of a carboxyl group.

Question 16

Triacylglycerol

Answer 16

Three fatty acid molecules joined by an ester linkage, a bond between a hydroxyl and carboxyl group.

Question 17

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 17

Saturated with hydrogen.

Question 18

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 18

Has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atoms.

Question 19

Trans fats

Answer 19

May contribute more than saturated fats to heart problems.

Question 20

Phospholipids

Answer 20

Make up cell membranes, Classic example of how form fits function at the molecular level.

Question 21

Steroids

Answer 21

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings.

Question 22

Cholesterol

Answer 22

Component of animal cell membranes and is a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized.

Question 23

Catalysts

Answer 23

Enzymatic proteins regulate metabolism. Selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Question 24

Polypeptide

Answer 24

Polymers of amino acids.

Question 25

Protein

Answer 25

Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides.

Question 26

Peptide bond

Answer 26

When two amino acids are positioned so the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they become joined by a dehydration reaction.

Question 27

Denaturation

Answer 27

If the pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other aspects of the environment are altered, the weak chemical bonds of proteins may be destroyed, making it unravel and loose its native shape.

Question 28

Chaperonins

Answer 28

Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins.

Question 29

Nucleic acids

Answer 29

Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides.

Question 30

Polynucleotides

Answer 30

Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers, consisting of monomers called nucleotides.

Question 31

Nucleotides

Answer 31

Nitrogen (nitrogenous) base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.

Question 32

Pyrimidine

Answer 32

One six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, CUT.

Question 33

Purines

Answer 33

Larger with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring.