Chapter 5

Question 1

Positivist approach

Answer 1

use scientific methods

Question 2

determinism

Answer 2

Outside the conscious control of individuals; their society

Question 3

Anomie Theory people

Answer 3

Durkheim, Merton, Cloward & Ohlin, & Cohen

Question 4

Social Disorganization theory people

Answer 4

Parks & Burgess, Shaw & Mckay, Sampson & Groves

Question 5

Emilie Durkheim

Answer 5

• earned first PhD in sociology in France
• taught first sociology class in france

Question 6

What is a consensus theorist?

Answer 6

Believed society is best described as being based on a loose consensus of what is right/wrong. AKA what most people believe in
- Durkheim was this

Question 7

Collective Conscience

Answer 7

• strong in anomie theory
• is the difference between right and wrong

Question 8

Mechanical solidarity

Answer 8

Everyone does the same work

Question 9

Organic Society

Answer 9

Different jobs; rely on each other for things

Question 10

Theory of Anomie

Answer 10

-shared norms are no longer apparent
- AKA great stage of normlessness
- suicide incidence at a societal level
- examined class structure, societal changes lead
- higher society integration = lower suicide rates

Question 11

Durkheim’s study of suicide

Answer 11

Looking at the individual and the feelings related to society’s expectations and societal norms. He wants to understand the breakdown of this collective conscience in comparison to the individual.

Question 12

Anomic suicide

Answer 12

Abrupt changes in a community lead to a loss of integration and a decrease in the shared belief and adherence to societal norms

Question 13

Anomic society

Answer 13

Unclear societal rules can lead to large violations of social norms, like anomic suicide

Question 14

Robert Merton’s structural strain theory

Answer 14

• social norms can lead someone to break ties
• people are inspired to break some rules or laws
• Strain leads to people breaking the rules
• This is a result of people trying to reach the American dream (monetary wealth)
• all people don’t have access to legitimate means of accomplishing these goals

Question 15

Adapting to Strain

Answer 15

Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, and Rebellion

Question 16

Conformity

Answer 16

Most common way of adaption. Follow the rules and do what is told

Question 17

Innovation

Answer 17

Most associated with juveniles. Do not accept the legitimate route but do not believe they should be limited.

Question 18

Ritualism

Answer 18

Do the motions but do not believe or care about cultural goals.

Question 19

Retreatism

Answer 19

cultural goals of material success are rejected and the means of going about such goals are.

Question 20

Rebellion

Answer 20

Reject goals and the legitimate means of going about them. substitution of new goals and means created. Policial terrorists and cults.

Question 21

Differential Opportunity Theory people

Answer 21

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin

Question 22

Differential Opportunity Theory

Answer 22

• argued not equal access to illegitimate means of obtaining cultural goals
• found criminal subcultures arose in the face of limited legitimate opportunities
• organized crime
• theory of crime that says illegitimate means of gaining money and power affects peoples’ choice of criminal activities

Question 23

Criminal Subculture

Answer 23

Organized criminal groups with strong access to illegitimate means of gaining money and power who commit crimes such as corruption and extortion

Question 24

Conflict subculture

Answer 24

disorganized criminals with poor access to illegitimate means of gaining money and power who commit opportunistic crime such as pickpocketing and shoplifting

Question 25

Retreatist Subculture

Answer 25

countercultural deviants who disengage with society and have poor access to illegitimate means of gaining power. Engage in victimless crimes like substance abuse