Chapter 3

Question 1

population

Answer 1

comprised on every all units

Question 2

sample

Answer 2

subset of population

Question 3

Inductive reasoning

Answer 3

Specific to generality
- smaller samples

Question 4

Deductive reasoning

Answer 4

• supports or refutes general theory with specific observations
• larger samples

Question 5

Quantitative research

Answer 5

• numbers
• analyses
• deductive

Question 6

qualitative research

Answer 6

• interpreted through words pics and songs
• involves interviewing and participant observation
• starts with a hypothesis

Question 7

Independent variable

Answer 7

• cause
• influence

Question 8

Dependent variable

Answer 8

• outcome
• effect

Question 9

3 criteria for causal relationships

Answer 9

AB - correlation
If a then B - temporal sequencing
If A then B and not C - non spuriousness

Question 10

Positive correlation

Answer 10

as one variable increases so does the other

Question 11

negative correlation

Answer 11

as one variables increases the other decreasesz

Question 12

zero correlation

Answer 12

no relationship

Question 13

UCR

Answer 13

• data is no longer being collected
• does not measure behavior
• 8 crimes: murder, rape, robbery, aggravate assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft and arson

Question 14

Clearance rates (UCR)

Answer 14

the rate that a certain category is closed because of arrest of exceptional means
- offender is dead arrested or no victim participation

Question 15

NIBRS

Answer 15

• national incident based reporting system
• more detail than UCR
• relies on reported crime

Question 16

NCVS

Answer 16

• collect data on household and personal victimization
• captures dark figured
• people can lie or exaggerate their victimization
• does not provide explanation of why crime may occur

Question 17

Self report surveys

Answer 17

• focus in behaviors the offending individual has engaged in
• focus on actual youth behaviors
• may not be reliable

Question 18

Gender

Answer 18

• boys 4x more likely to engage in violent crime and 2x in property crime

Question 19

Race/ ethnicity

Answer 19

• differential involvement
  and differential treatment

Question 20

differential involvement

Answer 20

youth of color may be more likely than white to engage in more serious crimes while there is no race/ethnicity difference for less serious crimes

Question 21

Differential treatment

Answer 21

law enforcement practices that single out youth of color

Question 22

Class

Answer 22

• neighborhoods characterized by poverty or disorganization are more likely to have high rates of delinquency
• the relationship between class and delinquency is observed very strongly at the neighborhood level

Question 23

Ecological fallacy (class)

Answer 23

the notion that we can apply what we know about the macro level to the micro level and find the same correlations. we cannot