Chapter 3 Flashcards
population
comprised on every all units
sample
subset of population
Inductive reasoning
Specific to generality
- smaller samples
Deductive reasoning
- supports or refutes general theory with specific observations
- larger samples
Quantitative research
- numbers
- analyses
- deductive
qualitative research
- interpreted through words pics and songs
- involves interviewing and participant observation
- starts with a hypothesis
Independent variable
- cause
- influence
Dependent variable
- outcome
- effect
3 criteria for causal relationships
AB - correlation
If a then B - temporal sequencing
If A then B and not C - non spuriousness
Positive correlation
as one variable increases so does the other
negative correlation
as one variables increases the other decreasesz
zero correlation
no relationship
UCR
- data is no longer being collected
- does not measure behavior
- 8 crimes: murder, rape, robbery, aggravate assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft and arson
Clearance rates (UCR)
the rate that a certain category is closed because of arrest of exceptional means
- offender is dead arrested or no victim participation
NIBRS
- national incident based reporting system
- more detail than UCR
- relies on reported crime
NCVS
- collect data on household and personal victimization
- captures dark figured
- people can lie or exaggerate their victimization
- does not provide explanation of why crime may occur
Self report surveys
- focus in behaviors the offending individual has engaged in
- focus on actual youth behaviors
- may not be reliable
Gender
- boys 4x more likely to engage in violent crime and 2x in property crime
Race/ ethnicity
- differential involvement
and differential treatment
differential involvement
youth of color may be more likely than white to engage in more serious crimes while there is no race/ethnicity difference for less serious crimes
Differential treatment
law enforcement practices that single out youth of color
Class
- neighborhoods characterized by poverty or disorganization are more likely to have high rates of delinquency
- the relationship between class and delinquency is observed very strongly at the neighborhood level
Ecological fallacy (class)
the notion that we can apply what we know about the macro level to the micro level and find the same correlations. we cannot
