chapter 5 Flashcards
regulatory drives
promote homoestasis, (hunger)
nonregulatory drives
serves other purposes (sex)
brains reward system
5 mammalian drives
①regulatory ② safety ③reproductive 4 social ⑤ educational
Central-state-theory
Different drives correspond to neural activity in different but over lapping central drive systems
How can neurons serve as a central drive system
Receive and integrate the various signals that can raise or lower the drive state. ② central drive system must act on all the neural processes that would be involved in carrying out the motivated behavier.
Hub of central drive system
Hypothalamus entered at the base of the brain interconnected with higherareas of the brain controls the release of many hormones
Wanting
Release of dopamine into the nucleus accumbuens
Liking
Release of endorphins
Reinforcement
Release of dopamine into nucleus accumbens 1 promotes learning how topredict and obtain A given reward
Drug addiction
Cause doparnine release into the nucleus accumbers each time they are taken which may cause super-learning of cues and actions associated with obtaining the drug; hence; addiction
Gambling
Unpredictability of rewards I each reward may stimulate release of dopamine into nucleus accumbens resulting in super-learning of cues and actions associated with gambling
Leptin
Hormone produced by fat cells, helps to regulate body weight by acting on the hypothalamus to reduce appetite
Eating
Cause physiological changes, including the release of pyy that influences the ascuate nucleus and nearby areas to reduce hunger
Appetite-control Center
Arcane nucleus of hypothalamus 1s feedback-based appetite control Center withappetite-stimulating and appetite- suppressing neurons
Obesity
Within a culture genetic differences across cultures environmental differences
Decreasing food
Decreasing food intelle activates hunger mechanisms in the brain and can reduce basal metabolism, making weight loss harder
Thrifty phenotypes
Poor prenatal nutrition can lead to these fetus’s storing more fat than children who se prenatal diets are more nutritious
Lose weight
Good nutrition habits & regular exercise
Sleep
Can be divided into stages ) stage 4 is the deepest
Cycles
90 minutes from light to deep and rapidly back to eight
REM
Transition between stage 4 and the next sleep cycle
Preservation and protection theory
Sleep is needed to conserve energy and increase safety supported by cross-species comparisons of amount and timing of sleep
Body - restoration theory
Contends that the body needs sleep to recover from wear and tear → supported by sleep _deprivation studies in animals
REM sleepf
May function to maintain brain circuits and consolidate new learning
Suprachiasmaticnucleus
S. in the hypothalamus acts as an internal cloth for sleepiness and wakefulness
Emotion
Tied subjectively to an object or that feeling as exemplified by anger at game one who insulted you
Emotions
Adaptive value motivating us and communicating our intentions and needs to others
James theory
Pveripheral bodily reactions precede and cause emotions
Schachter
Peripheral feedback affects emotional intensity but perceptions and thoughts determine the type of emotion
Ekman
Feedback from facial muscles can induce feelings and bodily reactions indicative of emotions
Amygdala
Evaluates sensory information for its significance to survival or well-being and triggers bodily responses
Prefrontal cortex
Crucial for conscious emotional experience and deliberate action based on it
