Chapter 3

Question 1

Homology

Answer 1

similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their decent from a common evolutionary ancestor.

Question 2

Analogy

Answer 2

Comparaison of two things to show their similarities because of convergent evolution. Means that different species evolve because of some similarity in their habits or lifestyle, a common characteristic.

Question 3

biological prepardness

Answer 3

anatomical features/ neural systems to be able to learn species-typical behaviour.

Question 4

Triver’s theory of parental investment

Answer 4

the sex that investes more in in parenting will be more selective in choosing a mate than the less-investing mate.

Question 5

promiscuity

Answer 5

practice of engaging in sexual activity frequently with different partners

Question 6

kin selection

Answer 6

species behave more altruistically towards their relatives than towards unrelated members of their species

Question 7

Reciprocity

Answer 7

altruism that occurs between two unreleated individuals

Question 8

polygyny

Answer 8

one male has more wifes

Question 9

polyandry

Answer 9

one female has more males

Question 10

species-typical behavior

Answer 10

behave in a way that characterize a species ( may be influenced by learning) and depend on biological prepardness

Question 11

functionalism

Answer 11

fucuses on the usefulness of a particular behavior to the individual engaging in it

Question 12

distal explanation

Answer 12

functional explanataions, examining the role that specific behaviors play in survival and reproduction

Question 13

proximate explanations

Answer 13

conplementary to distal explanations, they are concerd with mechanisms that bring about behavior

Question 14

limitations of functionalism

Answer 14

1. some traits are vestigial, once served a function but no longer do so
2. side effects or by-products such as navel
3. some traits are products just of chance, not natural selection
4. even evolved mechanisms, such as that for guilt, are not useful in every situation in which they are active

Question 15

natural selection

Answer 15

trait should enhance our survival and reproduction, genes producing that trait are passed on to offspring. genes become more frequent over generations

Question 16

genetic diversity

Answer 16

1. reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction
2. mutations

Question 17

Mistaken beliefs about Evolution

Answer 17

1. there is no present pathway for evolution
2. natural selection is not a moral force which promotes the good and eliminate the bad
3. natural election cannot anticipate future needs, can only lead to changes that are immediately adaptive

Question 18

single gene trait

Answer 18

controlled by one pair of genes

Question 19

polygenic traits

Answer 19

influenced by many pairs, are continuous and often fit a normal distribution

Question 20

epigenetics

Answer 20

experiences cause biochemical changes
experiences early in life can produce effects that persist years later
epigenetics effects can be transmitted to children or grandchildren without any changes in genes themselves

Question 21

gene influence behavior

Answer 21

genes influence production of protein synthesis, that prudes physical development which affect bodily structures and behaviors

Question 22

meiosis

Answer 22

results in egg and sperm cells that are genetically unique and contain only half the full number of chronosomes
involves random assortment of paired genes