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anatomy exam 2 > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

integumentary system

1
Q

Name 3 external functions of the skin.

A

Regulating body temperature
Protection
Excretion

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2
Q

Name 4 internal functions of the skin.

A

Sensation
Immunity
Blood reservoir
vitamin D synthesis

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3
Q

Name the 3 general layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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4
Q

Describe the epidermis.

A

Top layer
Keratinized, stratified squamous
Avascular

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5
Q

Define epidermal growth factor

A

Protein hormone that stimulates growth and repair.

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6
Q

Name the 4 cells of the epidermis.

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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7
Q

What are the layers of the skin (most superficial to most deep).

A

s. corneum
s. lucidum
s. granulosum
s. spinosum
s. basale

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8
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes?

A

Make waterproofing keratin protein.

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9
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

Make melanin pigment protein.

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10
Q

What is the function of Langerhans cells?

A

Immune system activator

Skin dendritic cells

Migrate from bone marrow

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11
Q

What is the function of Merkel cells (aka: Merkel discs)?

They are also known as:

Where are they located?

A

Touch/light pressure receptors

Located in deep part of epidermis

Mechanoreceptors and Cutaneous receptors

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12
Q

Describe the s. corneum.

A

20-30 layers of flat, dead keratinized cells

cells slough off

replaced from below

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13
Q

Describe the s. lucidum.

A

3-5 layers of clear cells

extra protection on palms and soles of feet.

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14
Q

Describe the s. granulosum.

A

3-5 layers of cells

state of degeneration

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15
Q

Describe the s. spinosum.

A

8-10 layers of cells

mostly keratinocytes connected by desmosomes

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16
Q

Describe the s. basale.

A

“germinativum” layer

ONE single layer of stem cells

active mitosis forms keratinocytes and melanocytes

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17
Q

Describe the dermis.

A

Below epidermis

Connective tissue w/ collagen and elastic fibers

Blood vessels (vascular)

Nerves, glands, and hair follicles

Cells have an ECM

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18
Q

Name the cells found in the dermis and their functions.

Fibroblasts

Macrophages

Adipocytes

A

Fibroblasts: Make connective protein fibers

Macrophages: immune function

Adipocytes: fat cells

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19
Q

What are the 2 regions of the dermis?

A

Papillary dermis

Reticular dermis

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20
Q

What tissue is found in the papillary dermis?

A

Areolar connective (loose).

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21
Q

What are 2 important features of the papillary dermis?

A

Dermal papillae

Meissner’s corpuscles

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22
Q

Bumpy “velcro”

Ridges create fingerprints

A

Dermal papillae

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23
Q

Tactile sensory receptors for touch and pressure

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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24
Q

What tissue is found in the reticular dermis?

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue

Collagen and elastic fibers

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25
Q

What is an important structure found in the reticular dermis?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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26
Q

Sensory receptors for deeper pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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27
Q

Describe the tissue of the hypodermis.

A

Superficial fascia and adipose tissue

28
Q

What is the purpose of the hypodermis?

A

Bind reticular layer to underlying organs.

29
Q

Brown/Black pigment from tyrosine

A

Melanin

30
Q

___ is secreted by melanocytes.

A

Melanin

31
Q

What determines color:

amount of pigment or cell number?

A

Amount of pigment

32
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

To protect against UV rays/decrease UV ray absorption.

33
Q

Freckles and age spots can be attributed to ___.

A

melanin

34
Q

___ is the lack of melanin.

A

Albinism

They are sensitive to UV light

35
Q

___ is a pigment found in plants.

A

Carotene

36
Q

Yellow, orange pigment.

A

Carotene

37
Q

Precursor of vitamin A.

A

Carotene

38
Q

What is the main pigment found in blood?

A

Hemoglobin (Hb)

39
Q

Hemoglobin gives a “pink” color when exposed in the ___ ___.

A

dermal capillaires

40
Q

Blue-ish complexion due to Hb being depleted of O2.

A

Cyanosis

41
Q

Yellow-ish complexion due to increased heme recycling and increased bile derivatives.

A

Jaundice

42
Q

___ are epidermal derivatives and associated structures.

A

Appendages

43
Q

Hair provides __ and decreases ___ ___.

A

protection

heat loss

44
Q

Define hair.

A

Columns of dead keratinized cells

45
Q

What are the three parts of hair?

A

Shaft: above surface

Root: below surface, but deep into dermis

3 layers of hair: cuticle (outer), cortex (middle), medulla (inner)

46
Q

____ surrounds root of hair.

A

Follicle

47
Q

What are the four parts of the hair follicle?

A

Bulb
Papilla
Arrector pili muscle
Hair root plexus

48
Q

What is the function of the bulb of the hair?

A

Base of the hair

Houses papilla

49
Q

Describe the tissue of the hair papilla.

Is there blood supply?

What happens here?

A

Areolar connective tissue

Blood vessels deliver nutrients

Where hair cells divide

50
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle?

A

A smooth muscle bundle that straightens the follicle

Chill bumps

51
Q

What is the hair root plexus?

A

Nerve endings to cause sensation.

52
Q

What is the cause of male pattern baldness?

A

Genetics

An increase in a variation of testosterone that causes hair blood vessel constriction.

53
Q

What is a treatment for male pattern baldness?

How does it work?

A

Rogaine.

Vasodilator of hair blood vessels.

54
Q

What are the pigments that determine hair color?

A

Eumelanin and Pheomelanin

55
Q

What pigment determines blonde/brown/black hair color?

A

Less eumelanin: blonde
normal eumelanin: brown
more eumelanin: black

56
Q

Red colored hair is due to ____.

A

Pheomelanin deposits sulfur into the hair.

Does not protect from UV rays.

57
Q

What is the cause of gray hair?

A

Decrease of melanin

58
Q

What is the cause of white hair?

A

Air bubbles in between proteins fibers

59
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

oil glands connected to hair follicles

60
Q

Where are sebaceous glands located?

A

Everywhere EXCEPT palms of hands and soles of feet.

61
Q

What do sebaceous glands make?

A

Sebum made of fats, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts.

62
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

Moisturize hair

Decrease skin water loss

Decreasing bacterial growth

63
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

A

Eccrine

Apocrine

64
Q

What are the general functions of the sudoriferous glands?

A

Body temperature regulation

Secondary waste elemination/removal

65
Q

Found throughout the skin (a lot on palms and soles)

Directly open to epidermis

A

Eccrine sweat glands

66
Q
A

anatomy exam 2 (12 decks)

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