Chapter 5

Question 1

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 1

Knowledge gained during lifetime

Comes from dominant hemisphere of the brain

Question 2

Fluid intelligence

Answer 2

New information from non dominant hemisphere.

Controls emotions, retention of non intellectual info, creativeness, spatial perception, and aesthetic aporeciation

Question 3

Immunosenescence

Answer 3

Aging of immune system

Question 4

Presbycusis

Answer 4

Progressive, irreversible hearing loss caused by aging

Question 5

Presbyesophagus

Answer 5

Decreased intensity of propulsive waves and increased frequency of non-propulsive waves in esophagus

Question 6

Presbyopia

Answer 6

Difficulty seeing near objects due to reduced elasticity of the lens caused by aging

Question 7

Changes due to aging are effected by

Answer 7

Genetic factors, environmental, diet, health, etc.

Question 8

Cells and aging

Answer 8

Aging changes starts at cellular level

Cell numbers decrease

Lean body mass decreases

Total body fat increases

Extracellular fluid is constant

Intracellular fluid decreases, causing less total body fluid. Making dehydration a serious risk

Question 9

Changes in physical appearance

Answer 9

**Elongated ears and droopy skin

**Loss of subcutaneous tissue and skin

Ectropion/ drooping of the lower eyelid

Longer ears

Arcus senilis/lipid deposits around cornea

Less muscle mass and skin fold thickness

Decreased height

Darkening and wrinkling of skin around orbits

Deepening of hallows in various spaces

Narrower gait in women

Wider gate in men

Question 10

Changes to respiratory system

Answer 10

Reduction in activity

Reduction of cough and larynx relex

Lungs exhale less effectively-maximum breathing is reduced

Less alveoli

Decreased secretion from mucous glands->thicker secretions and harder to remove. Stuffiness.

Mouth breathing while asleep

***Less effective gas exchange-> higher risk for developing resp infections.

Question 11

Changes to circu. System

Answer 11

***Resistance to peripheral blood flow increases causing increased systolic BP(hypertension)

Slight left ventricle hypertrophy

Incomplete valve closure risk

Increased risk of postural hypotension and postprandial hypotension

Weaker heart muscles and efficiency causing reduced cardiac output

Question 12

Changes to GI system

Answer 12

Tooth loss not normal part of aging

Weaker tastebuds. May cause excessive consumption of salt.

Less saliva

Issues chewing and swallowing

Relaxation if lower esophageal sphincter

**Weaker gag reflex means increased choke risk

***Put patient in fowlers while eating as choking precaution

Decreased absorption of vit B, D, b12, calcium and iron.

***Less production of stomach acids and pancreatic enzymes

Question 13

Changes to urinary system

Answer 13

Reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration

Bladder muscles weaken reducing bladder capacity

Incomplete emptying of bladder

Question 14

Reproductive changes

Answer 14

Both genders can still enjoy sex

Men-

Reduced sperm

Prostate enlarge

Decreased orgasm intensity

Women-

Dried vaginal canal

Estrogen depletion

Tissue become for alkaline

Reduction in secretion

Question 15

Musculoskeletal system

Answer 15

Thinning disc and shortening vertebrae causes decreased height

Kyphosis

Atrophy of muscles

***Fibrous tissues replaces muscle tissue

Reduced muscle mass, strength, and movement

-*****exercise/stregth training to prevent loss of muscle tone and strength

***Bone mass reduced and decreased calcium absorption, brittle bones lead to fracture risk

Question 16

Changes to nervous system

Answer 16

***Decline in weight and reduced blood flow to the brain; does not affect thinking or behavior

Reduction in nerve cells and blood flow

Slow response to change in balance

Hypothalamus less effective in temp regulation

Sleep pattern change. Wakes up alot.

Decreased brain weight

Question 17

Sensory organ changes

Answer 17

All senses weaken

Can impact quality of life and safety

Question 18

Vision cahnges

Answer 18

Presbyopia

**Narrower visual field

Pupil less reactive to changes in light. Glare is major safety problem

Depth perception is off

***Cataracts

***Less effective at retaining fluid (glaucoma)

Question 19

Hearing

Answer 19

Presbycusis-progressive hearing loss

Altered equilibrium/balance due to degeneration of vestibular???

Distortion of high pitched sounds.

Question 20

Taste and smell

Answer 20

Smell reduced-safety risk

Taste depends on smell

Atrophy of tongue causes reduction in ability to taste salt

Oral care, meds, etc can impact taste

Question 21

Touch

Answer 21

Reduced

**Reduced ability too sense pressure, discomfort, and deviations in temp
-safety risk

Question 22

Endocrine system

Answer 22

Thyroid gland activity reduces, lowering metabolism

***Insulin released by pancreatic beta cells delayed and not enough

Ability to metabolize glucose reduce

***Thyroid gland activity decreases, lowering basil metabolic rste

Question 23

Integumentary system

Answer 23

Skin less elastic, more dry, and more fragile

Less subcut fat(causes them to be colder)

Increase of all skin neoplasms

Less sweating

More prone to skin infections

Weak finger nails

Question 24

Immune sys.

Answer 24

Greater risk of infection due to reduced immune function

Immunosenescence

T lymphocytes (killer cells) reduce activity and cell mediated immunity declines

Significant risk if infection

Inflammatory defense declines

***Inflammation presents atypical (low fewer and little pain)

Some vaccines are less effective

Reaction to varicella zoster (shingles) changes

Question 25

Thermoregulation

Answer 25

Normal temp lower in older age

Mean oral temp 96.4 F-98.5 F

Mean rectal temp 97.1 F to 99.2 F

Ability to respond to cold temps reduce

More susceptible to hypothermia, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke

Question 26

Most accurate temperature

Answer 26

Rectal and tympanic

Question 27

Psychological changes impacted by

Answer 27

General health

Genetic factors

Educational achievement

Activities

Physical changes

Social changes

Question 28

Personality

Answer 28

***Personality remains unchanged in absence of disease.

***Crystalized intelligence is maintsined

Other factors that come with aging may affect personality; retirement, death.

Question 29

Intelligence

Answer 29

Basic intelligence is maintained

Crystallized intelligence remains

Fluid intelligence may decline

Some intellectual decline occurs moments before death

Question 30

Learning

Answer 30

Usually uncahnged

Best to teach is by relating new info to old info

Question 31

Attention span

Answer 31

Shortened

Less able to do complicated tasksc.

Question 32

Nursing Implication of age related change

Answer 32

Emphasis on capabilities and assets possessed by older adult

Question 33

Nursing actions related to age related changes

Answer 33

***Observe for signs of inflammation and/or infection

Prevent dehydration

Endure adequate clothing snd maintain room temp

Adequate rest

Encourage active lifestyle

Encourage good hygiene

Encourage healthy diets; small frequent meals.

Limit salt and sweets

Etc