Chapter 5 Flashcards
Which property of consciousness is evident when we try to multitask? A. unity B. selectivity C. intentionality D. transience
A. unity
_____ refers to a simple response to sensory information.
Minimal consciousness
According to Freud, repression is a way for the unconscious to:
A. actively engage and perform conscious desires.
B. remove unacceptable thoughts and desires from conscious thought.
C. allow people to admit to unconscious desires and impulses without feeling ashamed.
D. create new memories based on previous experiences.
B. remove unacceptable thoughts and desires from conscious thought
Research on the effects of sleep deprivation on learning has shown that:
A. all-night study sessions are effective.
B. sleep deprivation enhances learning.
C. sleep deprivation inhibits learning.
D. sleep deprivation has no effect on learning.
C. sleep deprivation inhibits learning
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dream consciousness?
A. intense emotion
B. uncritical acceptance
C. illogical thought
D. All of these are characteristics of dream consciousness.
D. all of these are characteristics of dream consciousness
Dream consciousness is characterized by:
A. feeling intense emotion.
B. a meaningful experience of sensations.
C. illogical thought.
D. All of these are characteristics of dream consciousness.
D. all of these are characteristics of dream consciousness
You start off drinking one cup of coffee. Eventually, you need four cups to get the same effect. What are you experiencing?
drug tolerance
You drink four cups of coffee each day. One day, you don’t have your coffee, and you get a terrible headache. What are you experiencing?
drug withdrawl
Which of the following drugs is a main cause of auto accidents?
A. marijuana
B. cocaine
C. alcohol
D. LSD
C. alcohol
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of easily hypnotizable people?
A. belief that you can be hypnotized
B. tendencies toward depression
C. active, vivid imagination
D. can easily become absorbed in activities
B. tendencees towards depression
Evidence that hypnosis is a different state of consciousness is supported by research on: A. recovered memories. B. children. C. pain control. D. false memories.
C. pain control
A well-established phenomenon of hypnosis is that some people who are susceptible to hypnosis can experience a reduction of pain even more effective than that produced under anesthesia; this phenomenon is known as:
hypnotic analgesia
During meditation, brain waves measured using an EEG change from normal wake patterns to patterns of:
alpha waves
Areas in the temporal lobe associated with intense religious experiences are also associated with:
epilepsy
A study with Buddhist practitioners found _____ activation in the _____, the area of the brain used for orienting ourselves in known spaces.
A. increased; posterior superior parietal lobe
B. decreased; posterior superior parietal lobe
C. increased; posterior superior occipital lobe
D. decreased; posterior superior occipital lobe
B. decreased; posterior superior parietal lobe
People tend to judge the potential mental capacities of other minds based on:
experience and agency
Carlos tells you that he is always thinking about something; his mind is never blank. His statement reflects which property of consciousness?
intentionality
Actively choosing NOT to think about something involves:
mental control
Sandra always remembers her dreams, while Pat hardly ever remembers his. Sandra is most likely waking during or soon after what stage of sleep? A. stage 4 B. stage 3 C. REM D. stage 1
C. REM
You wake up your roommate 90 minutes after he falls asleep. From what stage are you waking him? A. stage 1 B. stage 2 C. stage 3 D. stage 4
D. stage 4
Which sleep disorder involves an uncontrollable attack of sleep during apparent wakefulness?
narcolepsy
Withdrawal symptoms such as pain or hallucinations are indications of:
physical dependence
Simon used to be able to drink three beers and feel quite buzzed. Now he finds that he needs at least twice that many beers to feel something. How would we describe Simon’s experience?
He is experiencing tolerance
_____ mimic the brain’s internal system for relaxation and well-being by producing endogenous opiates.
Narcotics
Boris wants to quit smoking. Boris believes that he can quit if he undergoes antismoking suggestions while in an altered state of consciousness, so he schedules an appointment with a(n):
hypnotist
Which of the following is a characteristic of easily hypnotizable people?
A. belief that you cannot be hypnotized
B. tendencies toward depression
C. active, vivid imagination
D. easily distractable
C. active, vivid imagination
Which of the following is NOT supported as a method for pain relief? A. hypnosis B. cocaine C. opium D. codeine
B. cocaine
During meditation, brain waves measured using an EEG change from normal wake patterns to patterns of:
alpha waves
The feeling of becoming one with your surroundings, often associated with meditation, may be a result of decreased activation in the:
posterior superior parietal lobe
_______ is the practice of intentional contemplation.
meditation
To which of the following would we least likely ascribe consciousness? A. a frog B. God C. a robot D. a woman
A. a frog
Carlos tells you that he is always thinking about something; his mind is never blank. His statement reflects which property of consciousness?
A. unity
B. selectivity
C. intentionality
D. All of these properties are reflected.
C. intentionality
Activities in the brain occur _____ the correlated activities of the conscious mind.
before
What are the patterns of sleep from Stage 1 to REM sleep, as measured by EEG patterns?
A. beta waves; alpha waves; theta waves; delta waves
B. fast, random waves; delta waves; K complexes; beta waves
C. theta waves; K complexes; delta waves; fast, random waves
D. beta waves; fast, random waves; theta waves; alpha waves
C. theta waves; K complexes; delta waves; fast, random waves
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dream consciousness?
A. intense emotion
B. uncritical acceptance
C. illogical thought
D. All of these are characteristics of dream consciousness.
D. All of these are characteristics of dream consciousness.
When you are at a party you generally do not hear all the conversations going on around you, but if someone suddenly said your name while talking with someone else, your attention would shift to that conversation. Your ability to tune out background noise and pay attention to only certain stimuli refers to what aspect of consciousness?
selectivity
William James’s description of consciousness as a stream illustrates the property of:
transience
What mental state involves being aware of your mental state?
full consciousness
The human body naturally tends to follow a cycle of sleeping and waking that corresponds to a:
circadian rhythm of a 24-hour cycle.
Sleep is characterized by: A. slow-wave brain activity. B. short bursts of brain activity. C. rapid eye movements and high levels of brain activity. D. all of these types of brain activity.
D. all of these types of brain activity
The activation-synthesis model proposes that dreams are:
D. what the mind creates to make sense of the random neural activity associated with sleep.
The immediate effects of drugs _____, leading to substance abuse.
A. may outweigh long-term effects of not using drugs
B. may be equal to the long-term effects of using drugs
C. are less important than long-term drug effects
D. are equally important as long-term drug effects
A. may outweigh long-term effects of not using drugs
Anandamide receptors in the brain are associated with mood regulation, memory, and appetite; they also respond to chemicals found in chocolate and _____.
marijuana
_____ are substances that alter consciousness through affecting sensation and perception.
Hallucinogens
If a hypnotist tells you (while hypnotized) that you are now 5 years old, what will happen to your cognitive abilities?
A. They will regress to your 5-year-old level only during the hypnosis.
B. They will regress to your 5-year-old level after the hypnosis is done.
C. They will regress to a level half-way between your current state and your 5-year-old state.
D. They will be unaffected.
D. they will be unaffected
Altered states of consciousness can be achieved through: A. psychoactive drugs. B. hypnosis. C. meditation or religious experiences. D. all of these answers.
D. all of these answers
What is common to all meditation techniques? A. focus on a mantra B. attempts to clear the mind C. concentration on breathing D. a period of quiet
D. a period of quiet
Marie is participating in a dichotic listening study and is asked to ignore any information that is presented to her right ear. She finds that she has no problems in being able to follow the instruction except for when she thinks she hears her name in her right ear. Marie is experiencing:
the cocktail party phenomenon
What mental state involves being aware of your mental state?
full consciousness
Advertising companies that tried to influence consumers’ shopping habits by incorporating subliminal messages into commercials appealed to what type of unconscious?
cognitive
Sleep is characterized by: A. slow-wave brain activity. B. short bursts of brain activity. C. rapid eye movements and high levels of brain activity. D. all of these types of brain activity.
D. all of these types of brain activity
The activation-synthesis model proposes that dreams are:
A. the result of reliving day-to-day activities.
B. how the mind deals with unacceptable wishes and desires.
C. the manifestations of suppressed thoughts.
D. what the mind creates to make sense of the random neural activity associated with sleep.
D. what the mind creates to make sense of the random neural activity associated with sleep.
Psychoactive drugs are typically:
A. addictive, but take more than one use to become so.
B. addictive from the very first use onward.
C. only addictive after prolonged use of the drug over a 1-year period.
D. not addictive.
A. addictive, but take more than one use to become so.
Sarah does not have her usual after-dinner martini, and she begins to shake and not feel well. What might these symptoms indicate?
Sarah is physically dependent on alcohol.
The Netherlands’ approach to drug use and abuse:
A. has led to increases in drug use since its implementation.
B. has led to decreases in drug use since its implementation.
C. has led to no change in drug use since its implementation.
D. has led to drug use that is significantly higher than other European nations.
C. has led to no change in drug use since its implementation
There is _____ for claims that hypnosis can help people recover memories.
little support
A well-established phenomenon of hypnosis is that some people who are susceptible to hypnosis can experience a reduction of pain even more effective than that produced under anesthesia; this phenomenon is known as:
Hypnotic analgesia
During surgery, _____ is monitored to measure consciousness.
brain activity
What happens to stages 3 and 4 sleep as the night progresses?
they become less frequent
Deprivation of _____ often results in memory problems and increased aggression.
REM sleep
The expectancy theory proposes that the varied effects of alcohol are determined by:
A. people’s beliefs about how they think it will influence them in different situations.
B. the depressant nature of alcohol causing people to reflect on their problems in different ways.
C. reduced attention causing people to produce simple responses in complex situations.
D. people’s genetic dispositions.
A. people’s beliefs about how they think it will influence them in different situations.
Drugs used for the treatment of pain often carry the risk of: A. physical dependence. B. psychological dependence. C. tolerance. D. all of these outcomes.
D. all of these outcomes
Sheila believes that dreams don’t contain deep meaning, but are, instead, random patterns of brain activity that we interpret later on. Her view is \_\_\_\_\_ with the activation-synthesis model and \_\_\_\_\_ with the Freudian theory of dreams. A. consistent; consistent B. consistent; inconsistent C. inconsistent; consistent D. inconsistent; inconsistent
consistent; inconsistent
Psychoactive drugs produce their effects by altering: A. neural structures. B. the brain’s chemical message system. C. the mind directly. D. the circulatory system
B. the brain’s chemical message system
To reduce the high-risk behaviors associated with more harmful drugs, the Netherlands \_\_\_\_\_ to control drug use and address drug abuse. A. enforces prohibition B. uses a harm reduction approach C. legalized all drugs D. sentences users to long prison terms
B. uses a harm reduction approach
Waking up during surgery: A. has no adverse effects. B. is supposed to happen. C. would not be problematic. D. is traumatic and may cause additional problems.
D. is traumatic and may cause additional problems
_____ is the most common sleep disorder.
Insomnia
Jen falls asleep suddenly, when she is trying to do other things. Which sleep disorder does Jen probably have?
narcolepsy
Which of the following are animals likely to self-administer?
cocaine
After Ginger fell on stage during her dance recital she actively tried not to think about it. According to the rebound effect, this would _____ the chances that the thought of herself falling on stage will return to Ginger’s consciousness.
increase
What is the most efficient way to measure brain activity during sleep?
EEG
Which of the following is TRUE about sleep needs across the lifespan?
A. With increased age, we need more sleep.
B. With increased age, we need less sleep.
C. Age has no effect on the amount of sleep we need.
D. The amount of sleep we need changes frequently.
B. With increased age, we need less sleep
Of the following drugs, which is NOT a depressant?
marijuana
Animals will work to self-administer most drugs, EXCEPT for _____, which are also not likely to be addictive or produce dependence or overdoses in humans.
hallucinogens
Which of the following is not a basic property of consciousness?
(a) intentionality
(b) disunity
(c) selectivity
(d) transience
(b) disunity
Currently, unconscious processes are understood as
(a) a concentrated pattern of thought suppression.
(b) a hidden system of memories, instincts, and desires.
(c) a blank slate.
(d) unexperienced mental processes that give rise to thoughts and behavior.
(d) unexperienced mental processes that give rise to thoughts and behavior
The __________ unconscious is at work when subliminal and unconscious processes influence thought and behavior.
(a) minimal
(b) repressive
(c) dynamic
(d) cognitive
(d) cognitive
The cycle of sleep and waking, one of the major patterns of human life, is called
(a) the circadian rhythm.
(b) the sleep stages.
(c) the altered state of consciousness.
(d) subliminal perception.
(a) the circadian rhythm
Sleep needs __________ over the life span.
(a) decrease
(b) increase
(c) fluctuate
(d) remain the same
(a) decrease
fMRI studies of the dreaming brain reveal all of the following, except
(a) increased sensitivity to emotions.
(b) activations associated with visual activity.
(c) increased capacity for planning.
(d) prevention of movement.
(c) increased capacity for planning
Psychoactive drugs influence consciousness by altering the effects of
(a) agonists.
(b) neurotransmitters.
(c) amphetamines.
(d) spinal neurons.
(b) neurotransmitters
Tolerance to drugs involves
(a) larger doses being required over time to achieve the same effect.
(b) openness to new experiences.
(c) the initial attraction of drug use.
(d) the lessening of the painful symptoms that accompany withdrawal.
(a) larger doses being required over time to achieve the same effect
Drugs that heighten arousal and activity level by aff ecting the central nervous system are
(a) depressants.
(b) stimulants.
(c) narcotics.
(d) hallucinogens.
Incorrect
(b) stimulants
Alcohol expectancy refers to
(a) alcohol’s initial effects of euphoria and reduced anxiety.
(b) the widespread acceptance of alcohol as a socially approved substance.
(c) alcohol leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations.
(d) people’s beliefs about how alcohol will influence them in particular situations.
(d) people’s beliefs about how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
Hypnosis has been proven to have
(a) an effect on physical strength.
(b) a positive effect on memory retrieval.
(c) an analgesic effect.
(d) an age-regression effect.
(c) an analgesic effect
Which of the following four individuals is least likely to be a good candidate for hypnosis?
(a) Jake, who spends lots of time watching movies
(b) Ava, who is convinced she is easily hypnotizable
(c) Evan, who has an active, vivid imagination
(d) Isabel, who loves to play sports
(d) Isabel, who loves to play sports
Meditation and religious ecstasy are altered states of consciousness that occur
(a) with the aid of drugs.
(b) through hypnosis.
(c) naturally or through special practices.
(d) as a result of dreamlike brain activity.
(c) naturally or through special practices
Meditation usually produces what kind of brain activity?
(a) delta waves
(b) alpha waves
(c) beta waves
(d) theta waves
(b) alpha waves
