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Psych 101 - Test 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

The local fire department sounds the 12 o’clock whistle. The process by which your ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of:

A

Transduction

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2
Q

Which of the following theories would suggest that watching a horror movie late at night could lower your absolute threshold for sound as you subsequently tried to fall asleep?

A

Signal detection theory

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3
Q

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize that the music is so loud. This best illustrates:

A

Sensory adaption

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4
Q

Accommodation refers to the:
A. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.
B. constant eye movements that allow the retina to continuously detect stimuli.
C. process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus images on the retina.
D. process by which stimuli are changed into neural messages.

A

C. process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus images on the retina

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5
Q

Vasinda can easily read signs that are distant, but words on a page appear blurred to her. Vasinda probably has:

A

small than normal eyeballs

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6
Q

Visual information is processed by _____ before neural signals are sent to the brain.

A

rods and cones, then biopolar cells, then ganglion cells

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7
Q

You come into a laboratory, where you are briefly shown a colored number next to a black letter. You are asked to describe what you saw, and incorrectly describe the letter as having the color of the number. What is the researcher probably studying?

A

illusory conjunction

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8
Q

Monocular depth cues rely on the relationship between _____ and _____.

A

distance, size

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9
Q

Jasmine’s three-year-old niece Elise is fascinated with her grandmother’s outdoor Christmas lights and tries to chase them around the house. Elise believes the lights are actually moving and she is trying to catch them. Elise is experiencing:

A

apparent motion

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10
Q

The time difference between left and right auditory stimulation, which can be experienced from cocking your head side to side, is most important for accurately:

A

locating sounds

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11
Q

After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Josko experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Josko’s hearing loss is best explained by the _____ code mechanism of the ear to encode sound-wave frequencies.

A

place

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12
Q

A young adult with normal hearing can detect sounds between _____ Hz and _____ Hz.

A

20; 20,000

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13
Q

The sense of touch includes the four basic sensations of:

A

pressure, texture, pattern, and vibration

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14
Q

Days after breaking his nose in a football game, Ben still perceives a dull pain in his nose, due to which pain sensory neurons?

A

C fibers

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15
Q

We maintain our balance through the detection of movement of the fluid in our _____ by _____.

A

inner ear, hair cells

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16
Q

Taste and smell combine to cause you to experience:

A

flavor

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17
Q

For the sense of taste, _____ occurs at the papillae.

A

transduction

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18
Q

Smell occurs when molecules enter the nose, and taste occurs when molecules:

A

are dissolved in the saliva

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19
Q

Sensation is to _____ as perception is to _____.

A

detection, interpretation

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20
Q

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly ever detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall’s:

A

absolute threshold

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21
Q

Humans lack visual clarity in our peripheral vision. This is due to the small number of _____ located there.

A

cones

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22
Q

Damage to the fovea would probably LEAST affect visual sensitivity to _____ stimuli.

A

dimly illuminated

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23
Q

Dorothy, off to see the Wizard of Oz, perceives that the Yellow Brick Road converges to a point way off on in the distance, due to the depth cue of:

A

linear perspective

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24
Q

Apparent motion is most closely related to which of the Gestalt perceptual grouping rules?

A

common fate

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25
Q

Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the:

A

middle ear

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26
Q

Timbre corresponds to differences in the _____ of sound waves.

A

complexity

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27
Q

Which of the following structures involved in hearing corresponds most closely in function to the photoreceptors in the retina for vision?

A. cochlea
B. pinna
C. hair cells
D. ossicles

A

C. hair cells

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28
Q

With _____, internal and external sensory information converge on the same spinal nerve.

A

gate control pain

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29
Q

Margaret is experiencing pains in her abdomen and goes to the doctor, who tells her that she has suffered a mild heart attack. Margaret’s experience of pain in her abdomen and not in her chest is an example of:

A

referred pain

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30
Q

The psychological experience of pain is the result of neural signals traveling along pathways projecting to:

A. the somatosensory cortex.
B. the amygdala.
C. the frontal lobe.
D. all of these areas.

A

D. all of these areas

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31
Q

_____ play a role in the reproductive behavior of many species.

A

pheromones

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32
Q

Research on wine drinkers demonstrated that:
A. information on price has no influence on perceived taste.
B. higher-priced wines were enjoyed less than lower-priced wines.
C. lower-priced wines were enjoyed more than higher-priced wines.
D. higher-priced wines were enjoyed more than lower-priced wines.

A

D. higher-priced wines were enjoyed more than lower-priced wines.

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33
Q

The registration of light, sound, pressure, odor, or taste as your body interacts with the physical world is called:

A

sensation

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34
Q

Our sensory systems are designed to detect changes in stimulation rather than to detect constancies. This is easily demonstrated by the process of:

A

sensory adaptation

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35
Q

When you put on a hat in the morning, you notice it is there. As the day goes on, you forget that you are wearing it. This demonstrates the process of:

A

sensory adaptation

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36
Q

Brightness is to amplitude as hue is to:

A

wavelength

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37
Q 
The amplitude of a light wave corresponds to its: 
 A. color. 
B. hue. 
C. purity. 
D. brightness.
A

D. brightness

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38
Q

The area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is referred to as the:

A

blind spot

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39
Q

Proponents of the _____ say that there are specialized areas of the brain for detecting different stimuli, such as human faces.

A

modular view

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40
Q

If you are taking a test, and you fail to notice that your classmate comes in 10 minutes late wearing pajamas and slippers, you may have demonstrated:

A

inattentional blindness

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41
Q

Gina has suffered damage to her left temporal lobe. She is most likely to have problems processing:

A

language sounds

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42
Q

The interaction between vision and the vestibular system is clearly illustrated by the occurrence of:

A

motion sickness

43
Q

The existence of which taste receptor is still being debated?

A

umami

44
Q

Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your home?

A

olfactory receptors

45
Q

The color afterimage effect can be explained by the color-opponent system, in that _____ cells are inhibited by _____ cells.

A

green, red

46
Q

Our ability to recognize an object without being deceived by changing sensory impressions of that object best illustrates the importance of:

A

perceptual consistency

47
Q

You are installing a new printer and have to figure out which power cords behind your desk go with the old printer. According to Gestalt principles of perception, the rule of _____ will help you to solve this problem.

A

continuity

48
Q

Teenagers stereotype classmates into “jocks,” “nerds,” “goths,” and “preppies” using the Gestalt grouping rule of:

A

similarity

49
Q

Haptic sensations on the right side of the body are represented in the _____ half of the brain, whereas sensations on the left side of the body are represented in the _____ half of the brain.

A

left; right

50
Q

Which of the following areas would have the largest topographical representation in the somatosensory cortex?

A

your lips

51
Q

_____ transmit sudden stinging pain whereas _____ transmit throbbing, dull pain that lingers long after the injury.

A

A-delta fibers; C fibers

52
Q

You were just touched on your cheek, which is a(n) _____ . To know whether you were kissed or slapped, you need a(n) _____ .

A

sensation; perception

53
Q

Giulio’s bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim’s. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim’s bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio’s bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:

A

weber’s law

54
Q

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the:

A

iris

55
Q

Which of the following is NOT a monocular cue for depth?

A. linear perspective
B. similarity
C. interposition
D. texture gradient

A

B. similarity

56
Q

Monocular depth cues rely on the relationship between _____ and _____.

A

distance and size

57
Q 
Damage to which region of the brain may impair auditory perception? 
 A. area A1 
B. area V1 
C. area MT 
D. area VT
A

A. Area A1

58
Q

If your visual perception doesn’t match with your vestibular input, you may experience:

A

motion sickness

59
Q

Devon avoids certain types of lettuce because she thinks they are too bitter. Devon may be a:

A

supertaster

60
Q

The detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called:

A

sensation

61
Q

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize that the music is so loud. This best illustrates:

A

sensory adaptation

62
Q

Visual-form agnosia is most associated with impaired functioning in the:

A

ventral stream of visual processing

63
Q

A participant is shown a black “8” and a gold “6.” When asked to describe the visual display, she responds that she saw a gold “8” and a black “6”, illustrating a(n) _____ primarily caused by _____

A

illusory conjunction; lack of focused attention.

64
Q

Football players who are playing in the Super Bowl may get injured but are able to continue to play without taking pain medication. This is most likely due to:

A. positive thinking.
B. high pain thresholds in football players.
C. the release of endorphins.
D. faulty pain receptors.

A

C. the release of endorphins

65
Q

By age 20, people have lost _____ of their taste receptors

A

about half

66
Q

The olfactory epithelium contains about _____ olfactory receptor neurons.

A

10 million

67
Q

Perceiving a musical note as a taste is an example of:

A

synesthesia

68
Q

According to Weber’s law you would be more likely to detect the difference between:

A. a 5 lb package and a 5 lb 1 oz package.
B. a 10 lb package and a 10 lb 2 oz package.
C. a 1 oz envelope and a 2 oz envelope.
D. All of the responses are correct

A

C. a 1 oz envelope and a 2 oz envelope

69
Q

Rods are:
A. more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than cones.
B. less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than cones.
C. more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than cones.
D. less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than cones.

A

C. more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than cones

70
Q

Which receptor cells MOST directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

A. rods
B. bipolar cells
C. cones
D. feature detectors

A

C. cones

71
Q

Dr. Ambroise is interested in how people combine elements of their visual perception, rather than seeing the elements as separate. She is interested in studying the:

A

binding problem

72
Q

Our sense of taste involves five main types of taste sensations:

A

salt, sour, bitter, sweet, and savory.

73
Q

Sherlock, the dog, takes his job of protecting his owners’ home very seriously. He sits at the window all day and barks whenever he perceives a threat. The problem is, often times, he barks at innocuous things like the rustling of the wind or at the shutting of car door a block away. In terms of detecting threats, Sherlock makes many _____ due to a _____ decision criterion.

A. misses; liberal
B. misses; conservative
C. false alarms; liberal
D. false alarms; conservative

A

C. false alarms; liberal

74
Q

According to the feature integration theory, we don’t need focused attention to detect individual features of an object, but we do need it to:
A. see the differences between the elements.
B. remember components of the stimulus for description later.
C. describe each of the components.
D. create a cohesive whole perception of the object.

A

D. create a cohesive whole perception of the object

75
Q

Franklin has problems with his balance. His problems are probably due to difficulties with his:

A

inner ear

76
Q

Which of the following is best described as a chemical sense?

A

smell

77
Q

People who see musical notes or see certain letters or numbers as having a particular color have a condition referred to as:

A

synesthesia

78
Q

Perception is the process by which:
A. the stimulus of a sense organ is detected.
B. stimulus energies are transformed into neural activity.
C. sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted.
D. nerve cells respond to specific features of a stimulus.

A

C. sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted.

79
Q

Due to the partial crossing of visual information at the optic chiasm, the _____ visual field projects to the right hemisphere, while the _____ visual field projects to the left hemisphere.

A

left; right

80
Q

The place code is specialized to detect sounds of _____ frequencies and the temporal code is specialized for sounds of _____ frequencies.

A

high; low

81
Q

Haptic sensations on the right side of the body are represented in the _____ half of the brain, whereas sensations on the left side of the body are represented in the _____ half of the brain.

A

left; right

82
Q

Humans perceive the longest visible wavelengths as the color _____ and the shortest visible waves as _____.

A

red; purple

83
Q

According to gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing the:
A. release of pain-killing endorphins in your brain.
B. activation of specific neural fibers in your spinal cord.
C. arousal of your autonomic nervous system and the release of adrenaline into your bloodstream.
D. deactivation of the pain receptors on the surface of your skin.

A

B. activation of specific neural fibers in your spinal cord.

84
Q

Recent research has shown a relation between response to human pheromones and:

A

sexual orientation

85
Q

Albert is missing the long wavelength cone type. Albert and others with this type of color blindness likely have trouble perceiving:

A

red

86
Q

A participant is shown a black “8” and a gold “6.” When asked to describe the visual display, she responds that she saw a gold “8” and a black “6”, illustrating a(n) _____ primarily caused by _____ .

A

illusory conjunction; lack of focused attention

87
Q

At the cerebral cortex level, sound is processed in the:

A

temporal lobes

88
Q

Sensation involves __________, while perception involves __________.

(a) organization, coordination
(b) stimulation, interpretation
(c) identification, translation
(d) comprehension, information

A

(b) stimulation; interepretation

89
Q

What process converts physical signals from the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the central nervous system?

(a) representation
(b) identification
(c) propagation
(d) transduction

A

(d) transduction

90
Q

The smallest intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus is called

(a) proportional magnitude.
(b) the absolute threshold.
(c) the just noticeable difference.
(d) Weber’s law.

A

(b) the absolute threshold

91
Q

Which is the correct sequence of eye parts that light passes through on the way to the brain?

(a) pupil, lens, cornea, retina
(b) cornea, pupil, lens, retina
(c) iris, lens, pupil, cornea
(d) lens, pupil, cornea, retina

A

(b) cornea, pupil, lens, retina

92
Q

Light striking the retina, causing a specific pattern of response in the three cone types, leads to our ability to see

(a) motion.
(b) colors.
(c) depth.
(d) shadows.

A

(b) colors

93
Q

In which part of the brain is the primary visual cortex, where encoded information is systematically mapped into a representation of the visual scene?

(a) the thalamus
(b) the lateral geniculate nucleus
(c) the fovea
(d) area V1

A

(d) area V1

94
Q

The idea that specialized brain areas represent particular classes of objects is

(a) the modular view.
(b) attentional processing.
(c) distributed representation.
(d) neuron response.

A

(a) the modular view

95
Q

Our ability to visually combine details so that we perceive unified objects is explained by

(a) feature integration theory.
(b) illusory conjunction.
(c) synesthesia.
(d) ventral and dorsal streaming.

A

(a) feature integration theory

96
Q

The principle of _________________________________ holds that even as sensory signals change, perception remains consistent.

(a) apparent motion
(b) signal detection
(c) perceptual constancy
(d) closure

A

(c) perceptual constancy

97
Q

What kind of cues are relative size and linear perspective?

(a) motion-based
(b) binocular
(c) monocular
(d) template

A

(a) monocular

98
Q

What does the frequency of a sound wave determine?

(a) pitch
(b) loudness
(c) sound quality
(d) timbre

A

(a) pitch

99
Q

The placement of our ears on opposite sides of the head is crucial to our ability to

(a) localize sound sources.
(b) determine pitch.
(c) judge intensity.
(d) recognize complexity.

A

(a) localize sound sources

100
Q

The place code works best for encoding

(a) high intensities.
(b) low intensities.
(c) low frequencies.
(d) high frequencies

A

(d) high frequencies

101
Q

Which part of the body occupies the greatest area in the somatosensory cortex?

(a) calves
(b) lips
(c) lower back
(d) hips

A

(b) lips

102
Q

The location and type of pain we experience is indicated by signals sent to

(a) the amygdala.
(b) the spinal cord.
(c) pain receptors.
(d) the somatosensory cortex.

A

(d) the somatosensory cortex

103
Q

What best explains why smells can have immediate and powerful effects?

(a) the involvement in smell of brain centers for emotions and memories
(b) the vast number of olfactory receptor neurons we have
(c) our ability to detect odors from pheromones
(d) the fact that different odorant molecules produce varied patterns of activity

A

(a) the involvement in smell of brain centers for emotions and memories

104
Q

People lose about half their taste buds by the time they are

(a) 20.
(b) 40.
(c) 60.
(d) 80.

A

(a) 20

Psych 101 - Test 2 (6 decks)

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