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Critical Inquiry > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What serves as the basis for regulations affecting research by the U.S. government?
    A) The Nuremberg Code
    B) The Declaration of Helsinki
    C) The Belmont Report
    D) The Code of Ethics of the American Psychological Association
A

C) The Belmont Report

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2
Q
  1. In response to human rights violations, various codes of ethics have been developed. What was developed after Nazi atrocities
    were made public as an international effort to establish ethical standards?
    A) The Nuremberg Code
    B) The Declaration of Helsinki
    C) The Belmont Report
    D) The Code of Ethics of the American Psychological Association
A

A) The Nuremberg Code

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3
Q
  1. What document covers primarily ethical
    issues for practicing nurses and includes principles that apply to nurse researchers?
    A) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements
    B) Ethical Research Guidelines for Registered Nurses

C) Ethical Guidelines in the Conduct, Dissemination, and Implementation of Nursing Research
D) ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses

A

A) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements

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4
Q
  1. The Belmont Report articulated broad principles on which standards of ethical conduct in research are based. Which is not considered an ethical principle for protecting
    A) Beneficence
    B) Respect for human dignity
    C) Informed consent
    D) Justice
A

C) Informed consent

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5
Q
  1. What is beneficence?
    A) Performance of some good
    B) Protection from physical and psychological harm and exploitation
    C) Participants right to self-determination
    D) Freedom to control their own actions
A

A) Performance of some good

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6
Q
  1. What is justice?
    A) Right to fair treatment
    B) Protection from physical and psychological harm and exploitation
    C) Participants right to self-determination
    D) Freedom to control their own actions
A

A) Right to fair treatment

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7
Q
  1. Which ethical principle may be violated if a researcher unobtrusively studies interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital?
    A) Confidentiality
    B) Freedom from harm
    C) Right to self-determination
    D) Right to privacy
A

C) Right to self-determination

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8
Q
  1. What is the safeguard mechanisms by which
    even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided?
    A) Confidentiality
    B) Anonymity
    C) Informed consent
    D) Right to privacy
A

B) Anonymity

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9
Q
  1. What provides prospective participants with information needed to make a reasoned
    decision about participation?

B) Anonymity
C) Informed consent
D) Right to privacy

A

C) Informed consent

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10
Q
  1. How can confidentiality of study participants
    be increased?
    A) Avoiding the collection of any identifying
    information
    B) Avoiding introducing the participants to any
    of the research personnel
    C) Placing all identifying information on
    computer files rather than in manual files
    D) Placing all identifying information on manual
    files rather than in computer files
A

A) Avoiding the collection of any identifying
information

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11
Q
  1. What is an example of a vulnerable group?
    A) Women hospitalized for a mastectomy
    B) Members of a senior citizen group
    C) People who do not speak English
    D) Pediatric clients
A

D) Pediatric clients

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12
Q
  1. What is a major potential risk of research to participants?
    A) Monetary gains
    B) Access to a new and potentially beneficial
    treatment
    C) Opportunity to discuss personal feelings and experiences with an objective listener.
    D) Physical boredom
A

D) Physical boredom

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13
Q
  1. Researchers can often show their respect for participants—and proactively minimize emotional risks—by carefully attending to the
    nature of the interactions they have with them. What are debriefing sessions?
    A) Discussions with prospective participants to obtain informed consent
    B) Discussions with participants after a study to explain various aspects of the study
    C) Discussions with a human subjects committee before a study to obtain permission
    D)
    be shared after data have been analyzed
A

B) Discussions with participants after a study to explain various aspects of the study

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14
Q
  1. In a qualitative study that involves multiple contacts between the researcher and study
    participants, what can the researcher negotiate?
    A) Implied consent
    B) Stipend
    C) Process consent
    D) Risk/benefit ratio
A

C) Process consent

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15
Q
  1. When is informed consent not obtained?
    A) Researcher pays a stipend to study participants.
    B) Researcher collects information covertly.
    C) Risk/benefit ratio is low.
    D) Study is determined exempt by Institutional Review Board.
A

B) Researcher collects information covertly

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16
Q
  1. Most institutions where research is conducted have formal committees for reviewing
    proposed research plans. In the United States, what will the committee likely be called?
    A) Research Ethics Board
    B) Institutional Review Board
    C) Ethical Advisory Board
    D) Human Subject Committee
A

B) Institutional Review Board

17
Q
  1. What is an expedited review?
    A) The committee must consist of five members to carry out the review.
    B) Research involving no more than minimal risk can use this procedure.
    C) The researcher must have an affiliation with an institution.
    D) The research is exempt from the review board process.
A

B) Research involving no more than minimal risk can use this procedure.

18
Q
  1. What is an important consideration when
    nurses choose to use animals as research subjects?
    A) Must obtain informed consent from the animal’s owner.

B) Recognize that it is more convenient to use an animal.
C) Recognize that it is less costly to use animals than humans.
D) Recognize that animals need humane care and treatment.

A

B) Recognize that it is more convenient to use an animal.

19
Q
  1. When can the researcher omit informed consent, when existing data from records and/ or specimens are used?
    A) The study does not involve an intervention.
    B) The researcher is gathering data anonymously.
    C) Health professional students are used as subjects.
    D) The study is gathering data from records over 10 years old.
A

B) The researcher is gathering data anonymously

20
Q
  1. Under HIPAA regulations, a covered entity such as a hospital can disclose individually identifiable health information from its records if the patient signs an authorization granting access. What does this include?
    A) Who will receive the information
    B) Why they need the information
    C) The Social Security number of the patient
    D) If the data is not specifically obtained for the research
A

A) Who will receive the information

Critical Inquiry (4 decks)

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