Chapter 5 Flashcards
Carbon
- 6 protons/electrons/neutrons
- makes it able to bond very easily which is why much of life is built on carbon (chains)
- “organic molecules” = molecule with carbon in it
Carboxyl functional group
C, R, O, OH
(one carbon, one R group, one hydroxide)
Carbonyl functional group
C, R, R, O
(one carbon, one oxygen, two r groups)
Amino functional group
N, R, H, H
(one nitrogen, one r group, two hydrogn)
Phosphate functional group
P, O, O, O, O
(one phosphate, four oxygen)
Hydroxyl functional group
O, R, H
(one oxygen, one r group, one hydrogen)
Monomers
- the building blocks for polymers
EX: lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins
Hydrolysis
- process that breaks polymer into 2 monomers by adding water
EX: DNA to nucleic acids requires hydrolysis
Dehydration
- process that forms bond between 2 monomers by removing water
EX: amino acids to proteins requires dehydration
Lipid structure
- LONG structures of carbon, surrounded by hydrogen
- hydrophobic tail (nonpolar)
- hydrophilic head (polar) made of OH (carboxyl group?) -> in PHOSPHOLIPIDS only
Saturated lipid
- straight structure
- hydrogen all around carbon chain
- is liquid at room temp
- single bonds only
EX: butter
Unsaturated lipid
- bent structure
- hydrogen not all the way around
- if hydrogen is added, it straightens unsaturated lipid out and becomes a transfat
EX: olive oil
The 3 main lipids
- triglycerol (head with three tails)
- phospholipid (three heads with
Lipid general def
- only form monomers not polymers
- have little to no affinity to water
EX: fats, phospholipids, steroids
Steroid
a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of for fused rings with various chemical groups attached
Antiparrallel
Refers to the way that the sugar-phosphate backbones of double helix DNA run in opposite 5’ / 3’ directions
Polysaccharide
A large carbohydrate; polymer made of monosaccharides that are formed by dehydration reactions
Saturated Fatty Acid
A fatty acid with a maximized number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton; result of all the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail being connected by single bonds
Pyrimidine
One of two types of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides; has a SIX-MEMBERED ring
What nucleotides are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Secondary Structure
The second stage of protein transformation defined by REPETITIVE COILING or FOLDING of the polypeptide backbone; result of hydrogen bonding between backbone constituents (except the side chains)
Genomics
Study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA0 and their interactions with a species + genome comparisons between species
Fatty Acid
A carboxylic acid + long carbon chain; vary in length, number, and location of double bonds; used in triacylglycerol or triglyceride
Transcription factor
Regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
