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AP Biology 2022 - 2023 > Ch. 24 & 26 > Flashcards

Ch. 24 & 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define anagenesis

A

Anagenesis is the transformation of one species into another

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2
Q

Define cladogenesis

A

When a gene pool splits and is exposed to different selection pressures which creates one or more new species

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3
Q

What are differences between cladogenesis and anagenesis

A

Anagenesis: new specie is born out of TRANSFORMATION , does not branch
Cladogenesis: new specie is born out of CREATION (from selection pressures) , does branch out

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4
Q

What is the Biological Species Concept

A

Organisms are reproductively compatible with members of their own species and can reproduce with each other, but they CANNOT INTERBREED with other populations

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5
Q

Who is Ernst Mayr?

A

Scientist who created the biological species concept

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6
Q

Define biological species

A

Must be fertile and able to interbreed

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7
Q

List the 5 prezygotic barriers

A

Habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation

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8
Q

List the 3 postzygotic barriers

A

Reduced hybrid viability (inviability), reduced hybrid fertility, and hybrid breakdown

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9
Q

What is meant when barriers are postzygotic or prezygotic

A

Postzygotic barriers are barriers that are meant to stop inter-species breeding AFTER zygote has been fertilized
Prezygotic barriers are barriers that are meant to stop inter-species BEFORE the zygote can be fertilized

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10
Q

Explain hybrid breakdown**

A

In hybrid breakdown, the first generation of inter-species breeding may be fertile but the next generations will be feeble or sterile

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11
Q

What are the limits of the biological concept

A

The concept does NOT apply to: asexual organisms, fossils, organisms that have little information known about their reproduction

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12
Q

Define the ecological species concept

A

This concept defines species by their ecological niche (aka, how they adapted to a particular set of resources in an environment)

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13
Q

Define paleontological species concept

A

Concept used to define species known only from the fossil record (morphologically discrete)

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14
Q

Define the phylogenetic species concept

A

Concept used to define species as a set of organisms with unique genetic history

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15
Q

Define the morphological species concept

A

Concept that defines a species by their structural features

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16
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

Where a new species is developed as a result of being geographically isolated from the parent population

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17
Q

Define sympatric speciation

A

Where a new species is formed from the same ancestral population without any geographical separation

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18
Q

List and describe some mechanisms that may lead to a divergence of isolated gene pools

A

For gene pool isolation to occur, a species must be divided and adapted to their new/differing surroundings. This can be done through:
- allopatric speciation (geographic isolation)
- sympatric speciation (reproductive barrier isolation)
- adaptive radiation (species of common ancestor rapidly diversifies when exposed to many new environments)

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19
Q

Define phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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20
Q

Define systematics

A

Understanding the diversity and relationships of organisms (present-day and extinct) and evolutionary relationships.
Uses morphological, biochemical, and molecular comparisons.

21
Q

Distinguish between systematics and phylogeny

A

Phylogeny: the actual history of the species
Systematics: the understanding of the relationships and diversity the specie has
-

22
Q

What are homoplasies

A

Independently evolved molecular sequences or analogous structures

23
Q

What is taxonomy

A

The ordered division of organisms into categories based on characteristics - used to assess similarities and differences

24
Q

What is binomial nomenclature

A

The two-part scientific name of a species, consists of the genus + the specific ephitet. Both parts must be said to refer to the specific organism.

25
Q

What is a specific ephitet

A

The second part of a species’ binomial nomenclature that is specific to each species under a genus.
ex: “felis” genus covers cats, “felis margarita” covers a specific species of cat

26
Q

What is hierarchical classification

A

The grouping of species in increasingly broad or increasingly narrow categories

27
Q

What are the 8 major taxons

A
  1. DOmain
  2. Kingdom
  3. PHylus
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
28
Q

What is the most inclusive taxon

A

domain

29
Q

What is the least inclusive taxon

A

species

30
Q

Distinguish between homology and analogy

A

Homologous similarities come from a common ancestor, analogous similarities come from convergent evolution

31
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

When similar environmental / selection pressures produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

32
Q

Why are bird and bat wings analogous but have wing bones that are considered homologous

A

The bird and bat wings evolved independently - making their similarity in form/function analogous, but their wing bones were inherited from a common ancestor - making their similarity in structure homologous

33
Q

What is molecular systematics

A

A method that uses nucleic acids or other molecules to infer evolutionary relationships between different species

34
Q

What is a clade

A

A grouping of species on a cladogram that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
Can be nested in larger clades.

35
Q

What is a cladogram

A

A cladogram depicts patterns of shared characteristics among taxa

36
Q

What is a monophyletic clade

A

To be monophyletic signifies that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

37
Q

What is a paraphyletic grouping

A

A grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

38
Q

What is a polyphyletic grouping

A

A grouping that consists of various species that lack a common ancestor

39
Q

Distinguish between a monophyletic clade, paraphyletic grouping, and polyphyletic grouping

A

monophyletic: has ancestor species and ALL descendants
paraphyletic: has ancestor species and SOME, not all, descendants
polyphyletic: various species with NO common ancestor species listed

40
Q

What are shared primitive characters

A

A homologous structure that is older than (shared beyond) the defined taxon

41
Q

What are shared derived characters

A

An evolutionary characteristic unique to the defined clade

42
Q

How are shared derived characters can be used to construct a phylogenic diagram

A

Because they are unique to particular clades, making it possible to match the shared derived characteristic to the clade and use it to infer

43
Q

What is an outgroup

A

A species that is closely related to but not in the ingroup

44
Q

What is an ingroup

A

The group of various species that are being studied

45
Q

Why are phylogenetic diagrams technically hypotheses about evolutionary relationships among organisms

A

Because one cannot go back to confirm the proposed relationships

46
Q

What does outgroup comparison tell us

A

That homologies shared by the outgroup and ingroup must be primitive characters that predate the divergence of both groups from a common ancestor

47
Q

Describe the evidence that suggests the existence of a universal tree of life

A

By studying ribosomal RNA sequences, scientists discovered that all life on earth can be placed in one of the three major categories, pointing to the existence of a common ancestor that all life came from

48
Q

What are the 3 categories that all life can fit into at least one of

A

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

AP Biology 2022 - 2023 (10 decks)

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