Chapter 5 Flashcards
Define what perception is:
This is where individuals would use their own interpretations of their sensory impressions to give meaning to what occurs in their environment.
An individuals behavior is based on their own view on the environment, not the environment itself.
What affects perception?
- Factors that reside in the perceiver
- The target
- The situation in which the perception is made
Attribution theory
This is the determination of whether an individuals behavior is external or internal.
Internal- what we believe the individual is under control of.
External- the behavior of the individual is out of their hands and was something they were not in control of.
What are the 3 factors that affect the attribution theory?
- Distinctiveness-> Refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations.
- Consensus-> If everyone faces a similar situation, would the outcome be the same?
- Consistency-> Does the person react the same over a long period of time?
Fundamental attribution error definition
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements about the behaviour of others. We blame people first, not the situation.
Self-serving bias definition
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors. It is our success but their failure.
Selective perception
The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of ones interest, background, experience and attitudes. We see what we want to see.
Halo Effect
The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
Contrast effects
When someone does badly in a job interview, an average one after that seems good.
Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which the person belongs.
Profiling is a type of stereotype which involves singling out people base don the stereotype.
What are the 6 steps of a rational decision-making model:
- Define the problem
- Identify the decision criteria
- Allocate weights to the criteria
- Develop the alternatives
- Evaluate the alternatives
- Select the best alternative
What are the assumptions made on the rational decision making model?
- Well defined problem
- Clear criteria and criteria rating
- Complete and reliable information
- Unbiased preferences
What are the 2 factors of the availability shortcut? And explain them
Availability bias-> The tendency for people to base their judgements on information that is readily available to them, leads to an inaccurate estimation.
Anchoring bias-> tendencies to fixate on initial information, which then results in the individual failing to adjust for subsequent information.
Confirmation bias
The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to justify their previous actions.
The individual selectively gathers information where the rational-decision making process assumes we gather information unbiasedly.
Escalation of commitment
An increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information.
Egocentric accounting
Occurs when people claim more responsibility for themselves for the results of a joint action than an outside observer would credit them.
Better than average effect
Better-than-average-effect - the tendency for people to evaluate themselves as better than average on desirable skills, characteristics and behaviours.
Low self-esteem (accurate self-assessment)
Low self-esteem (accurate self-assessment) - are generally accurate in assessing their competencies relative to others.
Illusory correlations
Illusory correlations- seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists.
Hindsight bias
Hindsight bias - the tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome.
Victim blaming
Victim blaming - holding the victims of a crime, an accident or any type of abuse maltreatment to be entirely or partially responsible for the unfortunate incident.
Randomness error
Randomness error - the tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of random events. At the extreme, some decision makers become controlled by their superstitions, making it nearly impossible for them to change routines or objectively process new information.
Winners Curse
The winner’s curse is the tendency for the winning bid to exceed the worth of an item. The person who wins the bid overestimates its worth the most, as they were willing to go above and beyond what a presumably rational person is willing to bid.
What 2 factors create deviations from the rational model?
- Personality-> Achievement driven people are more likely to escalate their commitment. Where people who are just fulfilling their duties are less likely to.
- Gender-> It is found that women analyze decisions more than men do.
