Chapter 3

Question 1

Define attitudes

Answer 1

Attitudes - evaluative statements or judgements concerning objects, people or events.

Question 2

What are the 3 components of attitudes?

Answer 2

Cognitive component - the opinion or belief segment of an attitude.
Affective component - the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude.
Behavioural component - an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something.

Question 3

Define cognitive dissonance (3 factors)

Answer 3

Cognitive dissonance - any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behaviour and attitudes. Any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and individuals will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence, the discomfort. The desire to reduce dissonance depends on:
- the importance of the elements creating it
- the degree of influence the individual believes he has over the elements
- the rewards of dissonance

Question 4

Most powerful moderators of the attitude-behavior relationship: (5 points)

Answer 4

• The importance of the attitude-> the attitudes an individual deems as important would show a strong relationship to behavior.
• The correspondence to behavior-> the closer the attitude and behavior are matched or correspond, the stronger the relationship.
• It’s accessibility-> the easier it is for the individuals to remember the attitudes, the more likely to predict our behavior.
• Social pressures-> discrepancies between attitudes and behavior have a higher chance of occurring when social powers hold exceptional power.
• Direct experience with the attitude-> when the individual has direct personal experience, the attitude-behavior relationship tends to be much stronger.

Question 5

What are the 3 attitudes?

Answer 5

Job satisfaction
Job involvement
Organizational commitment

Question 6

Define job satisfaction

Answer 6

Job satisfaction - a positive feeling about one’s job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics. When people speak of employee attitudes, they usually mean job satisfaction.

Question 7

Define job involvement

Answer 7

Job involvement - the degree to which a person identifies with a job, actively participates in it and considers performance important to self-worth. This is also similar to psychological empowerment.

Question 8

Define organizational commitment

Answer 8

Organizational commitment - the degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization.
So, high job involvement means identifying with your specific job, while high organization commitment means identifying with your employing organization.

Question 9

What are the 3 dimensions of organizational commitment?

Answer 9

There are three separate dimensions:
1. Affective commitment - an emotional attachment to an organization and a belief in its values.
2. Continuance commitment - the perceived economic value of remaining with an organization compared to leaving it.
3. Normative commitment - an obligation to remain with an organization for moral or ethical reasons.

Question 10

Define perceived organizational support (POS)

Answer 10

This is the degree to which the employees feel their organizations value their contribution and cares for their well-being.
The level of rewards, support, and care the organization puts towards the employees correlates to a stronger POS.
This also relates to the level of organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance.

Question 11

Define employee engagement

Answer 11

How engaged the employees are in the workplace. If they are engaged they like the company, if they don’t then they don’t like the company.

Question 12

Define and explain the 2 types of job satisfaction measurements:

Answer 12

Global rating - a response to the question ‘All things considered, how satisfied are you with your job?’ Respondents circle a number between 1 and 5. It is not time-consuming.
Summation score made up of a number of job facets - identifies key elements in a job and asks for the employee’s feelings about each. Typical elements here are the nature of the work, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities and relations with co-workers. It is generally measured on a standardized scale.

Question 13

What are the main causes of job satisfaction? (4 points)

Answer 13

• Employee improvement- When a job offers training, variety, independence and control, this results in a positive correlation. (Not boring).
• Challenging- It is also found that jobs that are complex, educative, and challenging also result in people being more satisfied. (Again, not boring and repetitive).
• Benefits- when employees have access to benefits such as education, job security, work/life balance, and employee participation, they tend to have a higher satisfaction (freedom)
• Personality- being emotionally stable, extroverted, and positive core self-evaluations are more satisfied with their jobs.

Question 14

Define core self-evaluations

Answer 14

Core self-evaluations -> bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence and worth as a person.

Question 15

Describe and draw the theoretical model for understanding the consequences in dissatisfaction:

Answer 15

On OneNote

Question 16

Define turnover

Answer 16

When employees leave the workplace and are replaced.

Question 17

What is the satisfaction to OCB ratio?

Answer 17

Satisfied to organizational citizenship behavior is a positive correlation. The happier they are, the better for the OCB.

Question 18

What is the job satisfaction to customer satisfaction ratio?

Answer 18

Employees who are satisfied with their jobs are more likely to create loyal and satisfied customers. This also works as an inverse.

Question 19

Define absenteeism

Answer 19

Basically ditching work.

Question 20

Job satisfaction and turnover

Answer 20

Although the correlation is not really strong, there is a negative correlation. The happier the employees are, the less likely they are to leave the organization.

Question 21

Job satisfaction and workplace deviance ratio

Answer 21

Job dissatisfaction predicts a lot of specific behaviors. This includes:
- Substance abuse
- Stealing at work
- Undue socializing and tardiness
What needs to be noticed is that the employees who are dissatisfied with their work environment tend to react negatively in the work place, even though they should resolve it through the root of the problem.

Question 22

What are manager’s believes about job satisfaction?

Answer 22

It is common for managers to be unconcerned for it or overestimate the level of satisfaction.

Question 23

What is the global trend on job satisfaction?

Answer 23

It is found that the Western world are a lot more high maintenance. (Shocker)