Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 201: Exam 3 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Stream of consciousness

A

Term used by William James to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings. Basically described what is going on in your head during the day.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metacognition

A

The process of thinking about thinking. James called these “fringes” as all the thoughts and feelings that we have about our thoughts. This refers to the example used in class about the study of the happiness of people based on the font of a sentence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Consciousness

A

An individual’s awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one’s experiences. (aware you are seeing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two parts to consciousness?

A

awareness and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Awareness

A

The subjective state of being conscious of what is going on. Areas of the prefrontal cortex are associated with awareness. It is considered the global brain network.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Global brain network

A

Multiple brain areas work together to create consciousness. Assembly of neurons that are thought to work in cooperation to produce the subjective sense of consciousness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Arousal

A

A physiological state determined by the reticular activating system. If in the words where it is quiet. A twig snapping is going to grab our attention quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reticular activating system

A

A network of structures including the brain stem, medulla, and thalamus that are involved in the experience of arousal and engagement with the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Theory of mind

A

An individuals’ understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the ideas around the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

A

Called a “spectrum” disorder because there is wide variation in the type and severity of symptoms people experience. Difficulty with communication and interaction with other people. Restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Symptoms that hurt the person’s ability to function properly in school, work, and other areas of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the levels of awareness?

A

Higher-level consciousness, lower-level consciousness, altered states of consciousness, subconscious awareness, and no awareness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Higher-level consciousness

A

Consists of controlled processing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Controlled processes

A

The most alert states of human consciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal. Key aspect of it is executive function. Doing a math problem like calculus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Executive function

A

Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving. Key aspect of this is cognitive control: the ability to maintain attention by reducing interfering thought and being cognitively flexible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lower-level consciousness

A

Includes automatic processes and daydreaming.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atomatic processes

A

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities. Listening to music while studying.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Daydreaming

A

Mind wandering, imaginary scenarios, potentially useful.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some benefits to daydreaming?

A

Could help us cope, create stuff, solve problems, and come up with plans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Altered states of consciousness

A

Mental states that are noticeably different from normal awareness. Can by produced by trauma, fever, fatigue, sensory deprivation, meditation, hypnosis, psychological disorders, and drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Subconscious awareness

A

Consists of waking subconscious awareness and subconscious awareness during sleep and dreams.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Waking subconscious awareness

A

Processes going on just below the surface of our awareness. Consists of incubation which is the subconscious processing that leads to a solution after taking a break from conscious thought about the problem. Also utilizes parallel processing: subconscious information information processing also can occur simultaneously in a distributed manner along many parallel tracks. Example: when you see a dog run across the street, a lot is subconsciously processed to produce that picture like the color of the dog, its identity, and its movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Subconscious awareness during sleep and dreams

A

Our level of awareness is lower than when we daydream, but sleep and dreams are not absence of consciousness. Still aware of external stimuli. Roommate who had a dream abut something that Dr. Pilot was watching.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

No awareness

A

Consists of unconscious thoughts which according to Freud is a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness. Many people now don’t exactly agree with that but they believe that there are unconscious processes just not that extreme.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Biological rhythems

A

Periodic fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decelerated cycles of brain activity, that can influences behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/ wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level. It is monitored by suprachiasmatic nucleus and biological clock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark; the body’s way of monitoring the change from day to night.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dsychronizing the biological clock

A

Two or more body rhythms out of sync. jet lag, shirt-work problems, and insomnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do you reset your biological clock?

A

When you arrive, spend as much time in bright light as possible to increase wakefulness. And when ready to go to sleep, use a supplement like melatonin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why do we need sleep?

A

Evolutionary adaption: Animals needed to protect themselves at night, sleep is a way to conserve energy
Restorative: restores, replenishes, and rebuilds the brain and body. (Shows increases production and reduced breakdown of proteins during deep sleep)
Plasticity: May enhance synaptic connections and long term memory consolidations (memories are pulled together, resulting in the retention of specific information, skills, learned associations, and emotional experiences.) Also the cerebral cortex is free to conduct activities that strengthen memory associations, so that memories are more during recent waking hours can be integrated into long-term memory storage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the effects chronic sleep deprivation?

A
  1. Decreased activity in thalamus and prefrontal cortex. They are crucial to responding to sensory information and thinking and planning. The tired brain must compensate by using different pathways or alternative neural networks when thinking.
  2. Hard to sustain attention.
  3. Poor decision making and problem solving
  4. Most extreme: fatal familial insomnia: slowly sleeps less and less until they die
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the stages of sleep?

A

Stage W, Stage N1, Stage N2, Stage N3, and Stage R. They are measured by EEG measuring the electrical activity in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Stage W

A

Called wakefulness. Has beta waves and alpha waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Beta waves (W-alert)

A

Has beta waves which reflect concentration and alertness. They have high frequency and low amplitude. They are also more dyssynchronous which means they do not form a very consistent pattern.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Alpha waves (W-relaxed)

A

Reflects relaxation or drowsiness. They have lower frequency and increase in amplitude. They are synchronous which means that they are more regular pattern.

35
Q

Stage N-1 (Non-REM1)

A

N stands for non-REM meaning that rapid eye movements do not occur during these stages. Characterized by drowsy sleep. This includes theta waves which are even slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves (but still overall low). The person may experience sudden muscle movements called myoclonic jerks (Someone falling asleep and then jerking their head up to keep themselves awake)

36
Q

Stage N-2 (Non-Rem2)

A

Muscle activity decreases and the person is no longer consciously aware of the environment. This includes sleep spindles: sudden increase in wave frequency. Relatively light sleep. If people are awaken out of this, they report not having been sleeping at all (same for N-1 too).

37
Q

Stage N-3 (Non-Rem3)

A

Consists of delta waves which are slowest frequency and highest amplitude. Deepest stage of sleep. Bedwetting, sleep walking, and sleep talking happen in this. If people awakened during this stage, they usually feel confused and disoriented.

38
Q

Stage R (Rem)

A

REM sleep: active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs. Rapid eye movements happen. EEG is similar to relaxed wakefulness.

39
Q

What is the sleep cycle?

A

One sleep cycle lasts 90-100 minutes and recurs several times during the night (typically 5 cycles a night). The amount of deep sleep is much greater in the first half of a night’s sleep than the second half. Most stage R sleep takes place towards the end and progressively become longer. Typical night includes: 60 percent Stage N1 and N2 sleep, 20 percent stage N3 sleep, and 20 percent REM sleep. Can think of your night’s sleep as starting out with deep sleep and ending with the big show of the night’s REM.

40
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A

Critical role in sleep and arousal. It is near the brainstem and everything near it is important for basic survival.

41
Q

What are the three important neurotransmitters involved in sleep and what do they do?

A

serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine. REM sleep is initiated by a rise in acetylcholine, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive. REM sleep ends when there is a rise in serotonin and norepinephrine.

42
Q

What can cause sleep problems?

A

Inconsistent sleep schedules and mental disorders (depression) which is related to disease, poor health, and earlier death. Common in Alzheimer disease, stroke, and cancer. Infectious diseases induce sleep so that your body can maintain energy in order for it to fight off the virus.

43
Q

Insomnia

A

Problems falling asleep, waking up during the night, and waking up too early.

44
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleep walking. Takes place during stages of N2 and N3 sleep (unlikely to be when a person is dreaming). It is okay and sometimes necessary to wake up a sleepwalker, so they do not get hurt.

45
Q

Somniloquy

A

Sleep talking. They may mumble and talk to you as if they are awake but they are still asleep.

46
Q

Sleep eating

A

Some people may wake up with candy wrappers and crumbs in their bed from sleep eating.

47
Q

Nightmares

A

Frightening dream the awakens a dreamer from REM sleep. More frequent when stressed or a sad event has happened.

48
Q

Night terrors

A

Sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear. Accompanied by physiological reactions, such as rapid heart rate and breathing, loud screams, heavy perspiration, and movement. Occurs during N-3 sleep and around 5 years old.

49
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Involves the sudden, overpowering urge to sleep. Person may fall asleep standing up or while talking. Immediately enters REM sleep. Triggered by extreme emotional reactions such as surprise, laughter, excitement, or anger. Involves problems with particular neurons in the hypothalamus.

50
Q

Sleep apnea

A

A sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly. (Brain is not getting the oxygen it needs.) Experience brief awakening during the night. They may not realize it but are then tired the next day. A common symptom is loud snoring.

51
Q

What was Freud’s beliefs about dreams?

A

Created psychodynamics and he said that dreams symbolize unconscious wishes. He created two parts of the dreams which were manifest and latent content.

52
Q

Manifest content

A

The surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols that disguise the dream’s true meaning. Ex: riding on a train or skiing on an ice cream mountain. (what’s literally happening)

53
Q

Latent Content

A

A dream’s hidden content; its unconscious and true meaning.

54
Q

Cognitive theory of dreaming

A

Theory proposing that dreaming can be understood by applying the same cognitive concepts used to study the waking mind. Purpose of dreams is to process info, solve problems, think creatively.

55
Q

Activation-synthesis theory of dreaming

A

Theory that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain and that dreams result from the brain’s attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep.

56
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness and modify perception and change mood. Body is chemistry is altered and prolonged use changes the body more.

57
Q

Tolerance

A

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect.

58
Q

Addiction

A

Either a physical or a psychological dependence, or both, on a drug.

59
Q

Physical dependence

A

The physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued.

60
Q

Psychological dependence

A

The strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress.

61
Q

Depressants

A

Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity.

62
Q

Alcoholism

A

A disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker’s health and social relationships.

63
Q

Stimulants

A

Psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system’s activity

64
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychoactive drugs that modify a person’s perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.

65
Q

Alcohol

A

Medical Uses: pain relief
Short term Effects: relaxation, depressed brain activity, slowed behavior, reduced inhibition
Overdose Effects: Disorientation, loss of consciousness, even death at high-blood alcohol levels.
Health Risks: Accidents, brain damage, liver disease, heart disease, ulcers, birth defects
Risk of Physical Dependence: Moderate
Risk of Psychological Dependence: Moderate

66
Q

Barbiturates

A

Nembutal and Seconal
Medical Uses: Sleeping pills
Short term Effects: Relaxation, sleep
Overdose Effects: Breathing difficulty, coma, possible death
Health Risks: Accidents, coma, possible death
Risk of Physical Dependence: moderate to high
Risk of Psychological Dependence: moderate to high

67
Q

Tranquilizers

A

Valium and Xanax
Medical Uses: Anxiety reduction
Short term Effects: Relaxation, slowed behavior
Overdose Effects: Breathing difficulty, coma, possible death
Health Risks: Accidents, coma, possible death, overdose
Risk of Physical Dependence: Low to moderate
Risk of Psychological Dependence: Moderate to high

68
Q

Opiates (narcotics)

A

Morphine and Heroine
Medical Uses: Pain relief
Short term Effects: Euphoric feelings, drowsiness, nausea
Overdose Effects: Convulsions, coma, possible death
Health Risks: Accidents, infectious such as AIDS, overdose
Risk of Physical Dependence: High
Risk of Psychological Dependence: Moderate to high

69
Q

Amphetamines

A

Diet pills that aren’t federally regulated
Medical Uses: Weight control
Short term Effects: Increased, alertness, excitability; decreased fatigue, irritability
Overdose Effects: Extreme irritability, feelings of persecution, convulsions, paranoia
Health Risks: Insomnia, hypertension, malnutrition, possible death
Risk of Physical Dependence: Possible
Risk of Psychological Dependence: Moderate to High

70
Q

Cocaine

A

Medical Uses: Local anesthetic
Short term Effects: Increased alertness, excitability, euphoric feelings; decreased fatigue, irritability
Overdose Effects: Extreme irritability, feelings of persecution, convulsions, cardiac arrest, possible death
Health Risks: Insomnia, hypertension, malnutrition, possible death
Risk of Physical Dependence: Possible
Risk of Psychological Dependence: Moderate (oral) to very high (injected)

71
Q

MDMA (ectasy)

A

Medical Uses: None
Short term Effects: Mild amphetamine and hallucinogenic effects; high body temperature and dehydration; sense of well-being and social connectedness
Overdose Effects: Brain damage especially memory and thinking
Health Risks: Cardiovascular Problems, death
Risk of Physical Dependence: Possible
Risk of Psychological Dependence: Moderate

72
Q

Caffeine

A

Medical Uses: None
Short term Effects: Alertness and sense of well-being followed by fatigue
Overdose Effects: Nervousness, anxiety, disturbed sleep
Health Risks: Possible cardiovascular problems
Risk of Physical Dependence: Moderate
Risk of Psychological Dependence: Moderate

73
Q

Nicotine

A

Medical Uses: None
Short term Effects: Stimulation, stress reduction, followed by fatigue and anger
Overdose Effects: Nervousness, disturbed sleep
Health Risks: Cancer and cardiovascular disease
Risk of Physical Dependence: High
Risk of Psychological Dependence: High

74
Q

LSD

A

Medical Uses: None
Short term Effects: Strong hallucinations, distorted time perception
Overdose Effects: Severe mental disturbance, loss of contact with reality
Health Risks: Accidents
Risk of Physical Dependence: None
Risk of Psychological Dependence: Low

75
Q

Marijuana

A

Medical Uses: Treatment for glaucoma, cancer, and chronic pain, as well as stimulating appetite and well-being for individuals with conditions such as AIDS
Short term Effects: Euphoric feelings, relaxation, mild hallucinations, time distortion, attention and memory impairment
Overdose Effects: Fatigue, disoriented behavior
Health Risks: Accidents, Respiratory disease
Risk of Physical Dependence: Very low
Risk of Psychological Dependence: Moderate

76
Q

Hypnosis

A

An altered state of consciousness or a physiological state of altered attention and expectations in which the individual is usually receptive to suggestions. Individuals show alpha and beta waves (relaxed state). Different individuals are more or less likely to be hypnotized. Has been used to treat alcoholism, smoking, PTSD, somnambulism but did not work. Can reduce experience of pain.

77
Q

What are the steps in hypnosis?

A
  1. Minimize distractions, makes person comfortable
  2. Concentrate on something specific
  3. Inform person what to expect
  4. Suggest events or feelings that are occurring or will occur (Your eyes are getting tired).
78
Q

Social cognitive behavior view of hypnosis

A

The perspective that hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way the individual believes that hypnotized person should behave.

79
Q

Meditation

A

The attainment of a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry, the mediator is mindfully present to his or her thoughts and feelings but is not consumed by them.

80
Q

Focused attention

A

Means bringing awareness to one’s inner life and attending to one’s thoughts; it is being psychologically present as one thinks

81
Q

Open monitoring

A

The capacity to observe one’s thoughts as they happen without getting preoccupied by them. Able to reflect without being attached to a particular topic or idea.

82
Q

Mindfulness mediation

A

Used for depression, stress, and chronic pain. Can separate pain and demotions to pain. If something upsets you, feel upset then let it go.

83
Q

Lovingkindness mediation

A

The development of loving acceptance of oneself and others. Leads to feelings of social connection and can help combat prejudices.

Psychology 201: Exam 3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions