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Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

Ecology

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1
Q

Warmer climate =

A

fewer CO2 bubbles in the ice

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2
Q

Why are ice cores analyzed?

A

to find the number of bubbles + analyze the gas trapped inside the bubbles

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3
Q

What can we read from the graphs?

A
  1. Significant temperature changes
  2. Rapid changes -> the climate may be quite sensitive
  3. Lens variable temperature the last 100 000years
  4. The graphs indicate a strong correlation between CO2 content in the air and temperature
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4
Q

Correlation

A

vary at the same time

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5
Q

Causation

A

one thing is the reason why something else is happening

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6
Q

Early increases in CO2 levels were due to…

A

volcanic eruptions and weathering of chalk and limestone rocks

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7
Q

What is the biggest reason to the increased CO2 level

A

human activity

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8
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

gases in the atmosphere that absorb IR-radiation

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9
Q

Gases that have naturally occurins

A

H20, CO2, CH4

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10
Q

Gases that is due to human contribution only

A

N0, CFC

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11
Q

GWP

A

global warming potential

- tries to provide a simple measure of the relative radiators effects of the different greenhouse gases

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12
Q

The precautionary principle

A

If the effects of a human-induced change would be very large, perhaps catastrophic, those responsible for change must prove that it will not do harm before proceeding

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13
Q

Consequences of the precautionary principle

A
  • melt-down of ice
  • warning of seawater
  • permanent flooding
  • failure of algal photosynthesis
  • destruction of forests
  • interruption of ocean current system
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14
Q

Actions of the precautionary principle

A
  • conserve fossil fuels stocks
  • nuclear power sources
  • renewable sources
  • bioful sources
  • reduce transport
  • design well-insulated houses
  • terminate the destruction of forests
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15
Q

Outline the counsequences of a global temperature rise on arctic ecosystems

A

Doubling of atmosphere CO2 –> increase in the active layer of permafrost and a disappearance of most of the ice-rich discontinuous permafrost.
Disapperance of discontinuous permafrost –> -erosion, -change of hydrologic processes, -release of CO2 + CH4 to the atmosphere.

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16
Q

Population

A

group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time.

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17
Q

natalaty

A

offspring are produced and added to a population

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18
Q

mortality

A

individuals die

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19
Q

immigration

A

individuals move into the area

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20
Q

emigration

A

individuals move out of the area

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21
Q

overall population change

A

(natalaty+immigration) - (mortality+emigration)

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22
Q

lag phase

A

little or no cell multiplication (natalaty), a period of adaption to conditions

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23
Q

Exponential growth

A

population increases exponentially, a period of no constraints on growth. Adequate nutrients are available and little accumulation of waste products has occurred. High natalaty rate, and little or no death of cells (mortality).

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24
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the maximum population size that can be supported by the environment over time

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25
Q

list 3 factors that set limits to population increase

A
  • shortage
  • more predators
  • more diseases or parasites

all of these become more intense as population size increases = density - dependent factors

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26
Q

Define evolution

A

Evolution is the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population

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27
Q

Fossil records

A
  • fossilization is an extremely rare, chance event
  • most fossils remain burried
  • exposed fossils are mostly overlooked and destroyed
  • fossils may be dated using C14 or K40 radiocarbon dating
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28
Q

Fossil forms

A
  • petrification-organic matter is replaced by mineral ions
  • mould-organic matter decays, and the space left works as a mould and is filled by mineral matter
  • trace-impression of a form is preserved in layers that harden. ex. footprint
  • preservation- of intact whole organisms, ex. in amber
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29
Q

selective breeding

A
  • used to ‘‘create’’ all the plants and animals used by humans from wild ancestor organisms
  • the most useful varieties of organisms in one generation is used to parent the next generation
  • result = deliberate genetic change in the population by repeating the human controlled selection process for generations
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30
Q

homologous structures

A
  • groups of related organisms often show similar underlying organisation of f.ex. limb skeleton, although they have adapted to different habitats or lifestyles
  • similar organisation = homologous structures
  • most likely explanation is a common ancestor
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31
Q

In a stable population…

A

only one breeding pair may result from each breeding event - all other offspring are casualties of the ‘‘struggle’’ to survive

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32
Q

Population size is naturally limited by environmental factors

A
  • space
  • light
  • availability of food
  • diseases
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33
Q

Never-ending competition for resources results in

A

the majority of organisms failing to survive and reproduce

34
Q

gamete formation

A

random assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes in meiosis

35
Q

crossing over segments of individual maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes

A

results in new combinations of genes on chromosomes

36
Q

Random fusion of male and female

A

gametes in sexual reproduction

37
Q

Natural selection operates to

A

determine the survivors and the genes that are passed on to the next generation

38
Q

this may eventually lead to

A

the formation of new varieties and ultimately new species

39
Q

Explain 2 examples of evolution in response environmental change; one must be antibiotic resistance in bacteria

A
  • Charles Darwin travelled to the isolated Galapagos Islands on the ship Beagle
  • On the islands he found finches with different beaks adapted to eating different kinds of food
  • he reasoned that these birds most likely shared a common ancestor
  • Geographical separation and different food choices had turned one ancestor into several species with different beak shapes over generations = evolution
40
Q

Outline the binomial system of nomenclature

A
  • Important to have an international system- so observers know that they are talking about the same organism
  • Binomial system = ‘‘a two part name’’
  • All binomial names consists of two latin words
  • Rattus norwegicus

Rattus (genus name) norwegicus (species name)

41
Q

Homo erectus

A

'’The upright man’’ 2-1 million years ago

42
Q

Homo habilis

A

'’the handy man’’ 2.2-1.6 million years ago

43
Q

Homo sapiens

A

us

44
Q

18th century:

A

organisms belonges into either Animelia or plantae

45
Q 
King
Philip
Came 
Over
For
Green
Soup
A
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
46
Q

Kingdom

A

Plantae (plants) / Animalia (animals)

47
Q

Phylum

A

Tracheophyta (vascular plants) / Chordata (chorda tes)

48
Q

Class

A

Angiospermae (flowering plants)/ aves (birds)

49
Q

Order

A

Rosales (roses and their allies)/ passeriformes (songbirds)

50
Q

Family

A

Rosacea / parulidae (wood warblers)

51
Q

Genus

A

Rosa / dendroica

52
Q

Species

A

Rosa gallica / dendroica fusca

53
Q

Taxonomy

A

the science of classification

54
Q

Biological classification

A

invention of biologists based on the best available science at the time

55
Q

Aim of classification

A

to use as many characteristics as possible in placing similar organisms together and dissimilar ones apart

56
Q

Define species

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed and reproduce fertile offspring

57
Q

Define habitat

A

the place/environment where an organism normally lives or the location of a living organism

58
Q

Define population

A

all the members of a species in a certain area at the same time

59
Q

Define community

A

all of the populations living and interacting in an area

60
Q

Define Ecosystem

A

a community and its abiotic (non-living) environment

or a community and its physical environment and the interactions between them.

61
Q

Biotic component

A

all living organisms

62
Q

Abiotic component

A

non-living variables, -CO2, temperature, wind, light

63
Q

2 important features in ecosystems

A
  1. Largely self-contained –> nutrients are recycled
  2. An interactive system: types of organisms in an ecosystem (decided by the physical environment, physical environment is changed by the organisms living there)
64
Q

Ecology

A

The study of living organisms in their environment

65
Q

Autotroph

A
  • an organism that synthesizes its organic molecules from simple inorganic substances

Ex. a plant
Plants do photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

(6CO2+6H2O) = simple inorganic compounds
(C6H12O6) = organic molecule (lot of carbon)
66
Q

Heterotroph

A
  • an organism that obtains organic molecules from other organisms
  • Animals and any other organism incapable of making C6H12O6 from inorganic substances
  • -> need to obtain sugurs by eating and digesting other organisms.
  • Cell respiration
  • all depend on plants directly or indirectly
  • all consumers
67
Q

Consumer

A
  • an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed
  • always heterotrophs
68
Q

Detritivores

A

an organism that ingest non-living organic matter

  • heterotrophs that feed and decompose dead organic matter (kaffedyr)
69
Q

Saprotroph

A

an organism that lives on or in non-living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion

  • fungi, mould
70
Q

Example of food chain

A

grass - sheep - wolf

sea weed - shrimps - fish - shark

71
Q

Food web

A
  • built of food chains which contain members belonging to more than one food chain.
  • consists of interconnecting food chains
72
Q

Define trophic level

A

feeding level/ position an organism occupies in a food chain

73
Q

Deduce trophic lever of organisms in a food chain and a food web

A
  1. Producer
  2. Primary consumer
  3. Secondary consumer
  4. Tertiary consumer
  5. Quaternary consumer
  6. Quintinary consumer
74
Q

Explain the energy flow in a food chain

A
  • Energy is transferred between each trophic level
  • Green plants transfer light energy into chemical energy in sugars through photosynthesis
  • Energy is transferred every time a plant is eaten by a herbivore
  • When a plant dies, the remaining energy passes on to detritivores and saprotrophs
75
Q

State that energy transformation are never 100% efficient

A

The only energy transferred from one step to the next is metabolites (Carbohydrates, proteins, fats) used in growth and development of the plant/animal -> 10% of the energy is transferred

76
Q

Ecological pyramids =

A
  • 3 kinds used to analyze ecosystems
  1. Pyramids of numbers
  2. Pyramids of energy
  3. Pyramids of biomass
77
Q

Energy is lost when

A
  • Some organisms die before they are eaten by an organism on the next trophic level
  • Some parts of organisms are not eaten
  • Some parts of organisms are indigestible
  • Much of the energy absorbed by an organism is released in cell respiration
78
Q

Energy is only available for the next trophic level if

A

it remains as chemical energy in the growth of the organism absorbing it.

79
Q

Explain that energy enters and leaves ecosystems, but nutrients must be recycled

A

Nutrients must be recycled because many are available in limited amounts.
Decomposers release nutrients from dead organisms.
Nutrients released can then be reabsorbed by plants. (Biogeochemical cycle)

80
Q

State that saprotrophic bacteria and fungi (decomposers) recycle nutrients

A

Energy is constantly arriving from the sun, passing through living organisms, and ultimately leaving as heat. Matter cycle between living and non-living system between living enters and none leaves.

Biology (13 decks)

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