Chapter 5 Flashcards
Status
Social position
Contributes to identity
Imposes responsibilities and expectations that defines peron’s relationship to others
Status set
A collection of statuses people have over a lifetime
Achieved status
Status you entered into at some stage of your life, you weren’t born into it
Ascribed status
A status one is born into or enters involuntarily
Some statuses are both ascribed and achieved true or false
True
True or false
Sexual orientation is primarily an ascribed status
True
Everett c Hughes
Concept of master status
Dominates all of an individuals statuses in most social contexts
Plays the greatest role in formation of the individuals social identity
Status hierarchy
Statuses can be ranked from high to low based on prestige and power
Social categories such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, class, sexual orientation, and physical ability, one status tends to be valued over the other
Status consistency
Condition a person experiences when all of their statuses fall in the same range of their social hierarchy
Status inconsistency
Occurs when a person holds social statuses that are ranked differently and do not align
Result of marginalization
Role
A set of behaviours and attitudes associated with a particular status
May differ across cultures
Status may be associated with more than one role
Role set
Robert Merton
Refers to all the roles that are attached to a particular status
Professors play role of teacher, colleagues employees
Role strain
Developers when there is a conflict between roles within the role set of a particular status
Student catching classmate cheating
Role conflict
Occurs when a person is forced to reconcile incompatible expectations generated from two or more statuses they hold
Demands of being a student and a mother
Role exit
Process of disengaging from a role that has been ventral to one’s identity and attempting to establish a new role
Divorce, death
Thorleif Schjelderip-ebbe
introduced pecking order
pecking order
hierarchy of statuses
george simmel
microsociologist
symbolic interactionist
studied daily, one-on-one interactions of individuals
charles cooley
identity formation through the looking-glass self
frederic thrasher
studied gangs as small clusters of intense interaction separated from the larger world
william i thomas
symbolic interactionist
coined definition of the situation
thomas theorem
concept definition of the situation
individuals define situation based on their subjective experiences and respond accordingly
study this to understand individual action
thomas theorem
interpretation and definition produce reality
situations we define as real become real in their consequences
social organization
social and cultural principles around which people and things are structured, ordered and categorized
cultures, institutions or corporations are all socially organized around principles such as egalitarianism or hierarchy
organizational structure
comprised of the organizing principles that are upheld by shared cultural beliefs and maintained through a network of social relations
based on understanding and knowledge of the world-shaped by cosmology
cosmology
an account of the origin and ruling principles of the universe
how did the study of organizations start
max webers work on bureaucracy
organization ritual
form of social action where a group’s values and identity are publicly demonstrated
three models of feminist organization
formal social movement org
small groups or collectives
service-provider organizations
formal social movement organizations
professionalized bureaucratic inclusive with few demands made on its members
eg womans rights groups
small groups or collectives
organized informally, require time, loyalty and material resources from its members
eg womens publishing houses
service provider organizations
combine elements of both informal and small group organizations
eg domestic violence shelters
bureaucracy
formal rationalization and its four elements
- efficiency
- quantification
- predictability
- control
substantive rationalization
values and ethics
formal rationalization
leads to disenchantment and alienation
evolution of formal rationalization
began during the industrial revolution
scientific management
frederick taylor
scientific management
scientific management
time-and-motion studies to discover best way of doing any jobs
efficiency standard limit work processes to single set of repetitive actions, undermining skill development
george ritzer
mcdonaldization
mcdonaldization
process by which the rationalizing principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of america society as well as the rest of the world
formal rationalization applied
