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Psych 275 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do neurons communicate and adapt

A
  • A chemical message
  • Varieties of neurotransmitter and receptors
  • Neurotransmitter systems and behavior
  • Adaptive role of synapses in learning and memory
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2
Q

A chemical message

A

Chemicals relay excitatory messages to speed up and inhibitory messages to slow down

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3
Q

Otto Loewi

A

Performed frog heart experiment and found Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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4
Q

Acetylcholine

A

The first neurotransmitter discovered in the PNS and CNS- activates skeletal muscles in the somatic nervous system and may excite or inhibit internal organs in the autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect. Outside of the CNS these can be hormones

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6
Q

Electron microscope

A

Project a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of tissue, making an image

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7
Q

Chemical syanapse

A

Where messenger neurons are sent from one neuron to another, causing an excitation or an inhibition

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8
Q

Exocytosis

A

Expelling a neurotrasmitter

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9
Q

Presynaptic membrane

A

Where the action potential terminates to release the chemical message

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10
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

The receiving side of the chemical message, where EPSPs or IPSPs are generated

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11
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Small gap where chemical travels from pre to postsynaptic

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12
Q

Tripartite synapse

A

Functional integration and physical proximity of the presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, and their intimate association with surrounding astrocytes

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13
Q

Synaptic vesicle (presyn)

A

Small membrane bound spheres that contain neutransmitters

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14
Q

Storage granule (postsyn)

A

Membranous compartment that holds several vesicles with neurtransmitters

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15
Q

Postsynaptic receptor

A

Site to which neurotransmitter molecule binds

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16
Q

Anterograde synaptic transmission

A

Process that occurs when a neurotransmitter released from a presynaptic neuron and minds to the receptor of the postsynaptic

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17
Q

Transporter

A

Protein molecule that pumps substance across membrane

18
Q

5 Steps of Anterograde Synaptic transmission

A
  1. The neurotransmitter is synthesized somewhere in the neuron
  2. It is packaged and stores within vesicles at the axon terminal
  3. It is transported to the presynaptic membrane and released into the cleft in response to and action potential
  4. It binds to and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
  5. It is degraded or removed, so it will not continue to interact with a receptor and work indefinitely
19
Q

Two ways neurotransmitters are derived

A
  1. Synthesized in the axon terminal

2. Created in the cell body

20
Q

Neurotransmitter release process

A

At the axon terminal, the action potential opens sensitive Calcium Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ enters the protein and binds to calmodulin. The complex causes some vesicles to empty their contents into the synapse and other to get ready to empty their contents

21
Q

What do neurotransmitters do on the postsynaptic side

A
  1. Depolarize the postsynaptic membrane, causing excitatory action on the postsynaptic neuron (EPSP)
  2. Hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane, signalling a IPSP
  3. Initiate other chemical reactions that modulate the excitatory or inhibitory effect or influence other functions
22
Q

Autoreceptor

A

Self-receptor on the presynaptic membrane that responds to the transmitter that the neuron releases

23
Q

Neurotransmitter inactivation

A
  1. Diffusion of neurotransmitters
  2. Degradation: enzymes in the synaptic cleft break down neurotransmitters
  3. Reuptake: Transmitter is brought back into the axon terminal and recycled
  4. Astrocyte uptake: Nearby astrocytes take up the neurotransmitter
24
Q

Dendrodendritic synapse

A

Dendrites send synapse to other dendrites

25
Q

Axondendritic synapse

A

Axon sends to dendrite

26
Q

Axoextracellular synapse

A

Axon sends to no specific target (extracellular fluid)

27
Q

Axosomatic synapse

A

Axon sends into cell body

28
Q

Axosynaptic synapse

A

Axon terminal ends on another axon terminal

29
Q

Axoaxonic synapse

A

Axon terminal ends on another axon

30
Q

Axosecretory synapse

A

Axon ends at a blood vessel and sends into blodstream

31
Q

Gap junction

A

Fused presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane that allows an action potential to pass directly from one neuron to the next. Electrical synapses are faster than chemical synapses but less flexible

32
Q

Chemical transmission origin

A

Feeding behaviour of single-celled creatures.

-Digestive juices are secreted onto pray and causes exocytosis. This process may have evolved for other needs.

33
Q

4 criteria for identifying a neurotransmitter

A
  1. Transmitter must be synthesized in the neuron or must otherwise be present in it
  2. When the neuron is active, the chemical must be released and produce a response
  3. The same response must be obtained when the transmitter is experimentally placed on the target
  4. A mechanism must exist for removing the transmitter from its action after its work is done
34
Q

Neurotransmitter may also…

A
  1. Carry a message from on neuron to another to another by influencing the voltage of the postsynaptic membrane
  2. Change the structure of the synapse
  3. Communicate by sending messages in the opposite direction
35
Q

4 classes of neurotransmitters

A
  1. Small-molecule transmitters
  2. Peptide transmitters
  3. Lipid transmitters
  4. Gaseous transmitters
36
Q

Small molecule transmitter

A

Class of quick acting neurotransmitters that are synthesized from dietary nutrients and packaged ready for use in axon terminals (eg. acetylcholine)

37
Q

Subunits of acetylcholine synthesis

A

Choline

Acetate

38
Q

Breakdown of acetylcholine causes by

A

Enzyme: Acetylcholinesterase

39
Q

Amino acid transmitters

A

Glutamate:Main excitatory transmitter
GABA: main inhibitory transmitter
GABA is formed by simple modification of glutamate

40
Q

Peptide transmitters

A

Synthesized through translation of mRNA from instructions in the neuron’s DNA. Most are assembled by ribosomes, act slowly and are not replaced quickly.
Act as hormones that respond to stress, enable bonding, activate metapatrophic receptors and help with learning

Psych 275 (6 decks)

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