Chapter 2: Anatomy Flashcards
Agenesis
The failure of brain regions to develop
How does brain plasticity respond to cerebellar agenesis
To compensate for agenesis, the cerebral cortex functions more efficiently
What is the brains primary function
To produce behavior
Describe neural organization in the brain
The brain is plastic and the neurons have the capacity to change positions and adapt to the world around them
Phenoplasticity
Thea ability to change your behaviors or movements
Neuroplasticity
Potential for nervous system to change physically or chemically to adapt to an environment
Afferent informaton
Incoming information coming to the CNS
Efferent information
Information leaving the CNS (movement)
Describe the nomenclature of the brain
There is a lack of nomenclature with the brain as many different people and scientists have different names for different things.
What frame of reference do we use when looking at the brain in brain body orientation
The face
Describe the brain body orientation for humans
Dorsal (top of head), Anterior (Chest), Posterior (back), Ventral (feet), medial (towards the middle), lateral (away from the middle)
What frame of reference do we use when looking at the brain in spatial orientation
Other body parts and body orientation
What frame of reference do we use when looking at the anatomical orientation
Direction of cut through human brain
Coronal section
Cut from a vertical plane, yielding a frontal view of the brains internal structures
Horizontal section
Horizontal cut while looking down on the brain
Sagittal section
Cut lengthwise from the front, divides brain into symmetrical halves
What encases the brain
A triple layered covering known as the meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid for cushioning
Three layers of the meninges
Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
Describe the cerebral geography
The cortex, and four hemispheres divided into cortexes
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
What are gyri
Bumps in the brain
What are sulci
Cracks in the brain
What is a fissure
A very deep sulcus
What is the role of the branstem
Controlling all unconscious behavior
Contralateral organization
The right side of the brain controls the left side of the head while the left controls the right
What did evolution do
Create adaptations to equip each species with the view of the world it needed to survive
How is a stroke caused
An artery that feeds blood to the cerebral hemispheres is blocked
Anterior cerebral artery
An artery that comes from the front of the brain and spreads to the entire dorsal part of the brain, going all the way to the back of the brain
Middle cerebral artery
Artery begins in the middle and spreads out to the left and right sides of the brain
Posterior cerebral artery
Starts at the back of the brain and goes down the ventral side
What is grey matter composed of
Cell bodies and blood vessels
What is white matter composed of
Lipids (myelin sheathe axons)
What is the corpus callosum made up of
White matter axons
What are pyramidal cell neurons
Pyramid shaped neurons with many dendrites
Glial cells
Supporting cells with more branching dendrites
Where are neuron cell bodies located
In the gray matter
Prosencephalon
The front brain meant for smell
Mesencephalon
Mid brain in charge of vision and hearing
Rhombencephalon
Hindbrain controlling balance and movement connected to the spinal cord
What does the rhombencephalon divide into for mammalians
Metencephalon (across brain), and the myelencephalon (spinal cord)
Spinal cord
Controls most of the body movements , can act independently of the brain, and can perform automatic movements which the brain cannot inhibit.
Brainstem
Begins where the spinal cord enters the skull, receives afferent nerves from other parts of the body and sends efferent nerves out to control movements
Hindbrain
Evolutionary the oldest part of the brain that contains the cerebellum, reticular formation, pons, and medulla. Controls various automatic functions from balance to breathing
Mid brain
Important for producing movements, species specific behavior, and pain perception. The tegmentum in the cross section reveals the nuclei
Superior colliculus
Receives visual input
Inferior colliculus
Receives auditory input
What is the diencephalon and what is it made up of
It is the between brain that integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex, made up of the thalamus and the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Structure that controls our drives (ie. eating, drinking sexual)
Thalamus
Structure that analyzes all information from sensory systems and organizes them and distributes them to appropriate regions of the neocortex
HPA
The connections between the hypothalamus and the pituitary stalk and gland.
Forebrain
Contains major structures such as basal ganglia, neocortex, limbic system, and allocortex
Basal ganglia
Voluntary movement
Allocortex
Contains hippocampus and amygdala that control emotional states
Cerebral cortex
Contains concentric rings of allocortex and neocortex and takes up most space of the forebrain
What does the allocortex have
- Amygdala-Controls anxiety and fear
- Cingulate cortex-Emotion formation, learning, memory, linking behavior to motivation
- Olfactory system-smell
Cortical lobes
Nearly symmetrical lobes that are separated by longitudinal fissure and a central sulcus
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
Damaging the frontal leads to
Lack of movement personality change
Damaging the parietal
Lack of mapping for tasks
Damaging the temporal
Lack of hearing and attention
Damaging occipital lobe
Lack of sight
Where is the basal ganglia
Below the white matter of the neocortex
Diseases associated with the basal ganglia
Parkinson’s and Tourette syndrome
Somatic nervous system
Nervous system with cranial nerves
