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Psych 275 > Chapter 2: Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Agenesis

A

The failure of brain regions to develop

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2
Q

How does brain plasticity respond to cerebellar agenesis

A

To compensate for agenesis, the cerebral cortex functions more efficiently

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3
Q

What is the brains primary function

A

To produce behavior

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4
Q

Describe neural organization in the brain

A

The brain is plastic and the neurons have the capacity to change positions and adapt to the world around them

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5
Q

Phenoplasticity

A

Thea ability to change your behaviors or movements

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6
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Potential for nervous system to change physically or chemically to adapt to an environment

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7
Q

Afferent informaton

A

Incoming information coming to the CNS

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8
Q

Efferent information

A

Information leaving the CNS (movement)

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9
Q

Describe the nomenclature of the brain

A

There is a lack of nomenclature with the brain as many different people and scientists have different names for different things.

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10
Q

What frame of reference do we use when looking at the brain in brain body orientation

A

The face

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11
Q

Describe the brain body orientation for humans

A

Dorsal (top of head), Anterior (Chest), Posterior (back), Ventral (feet), medial (towards the middle), lateral (away from the middle)

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12
Q

What frame of reference do we use when looking at the brain in spatial orientation

A

Other body parts and body orientation

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13
Q

What frame of reference do we use when looking at the anatomical orientation

A

Direction of cut through human brain

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14
Q

Coronal section

A

Cut from a vertical plane, yielding a frontal view of the brains internal structures

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15
Q

Horizontal section

A

Horizontal cut while looking down on the brain

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16
Q

Sagittal section

A

Cut lengthwise from the front, divides brain into symmetrical halves

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17
Q

What encases the brain

A

A triple layered covering known as the meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid for cushioning

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18
Q

Three layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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19
Q

Describe the cerebral geography

A

The cortex, and four hemispheres divided into cortexes

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
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20
Q

What are gyri

A

Bumps in the brain

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21
Q

What are sulci

A

Cracks in the brain

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22
Q

What is a fissure

A

A very deep sulcus

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23
Q

What is the role of the branstem

A

Controlling all unconscious behavior

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24
Q

Contralateral organization

A

The right side of the brain controls the left side of the head while the left controls the right

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25
Q

What did evolution do

A

Create adaptations to equip each species with the view of the world it needed to survive

26
Q

How is a stroke caused

A

An artery that feeds blood to the cerebral hemispheres is blocked

27
Q

Anterior cerebral artery

A

An artery that comes from the front of the brain and spreads to the entire dorsal part of the brain, going all the way to the back of the brain

28
Q

Middle cerebral artery

A

Artery begins in the middle and spreads out to the left and right sides of the brain

29
Q

Posterior cerebral artery

A

Starts at the back of the brain and goes down the ventral side

30
Q

What is grey matter composed of

A

Cell bodies and blood vessels

31
Q

What is white matter composed of

A

Lipids (myelin sheathe axons)

32
Q

What is the corpus callosum made up of

A

White matter axons

33
Q

What are pyramidal cell neurons

A

Pyramid shaped neurons with many dendrites

34
Q

Glial cells

A

Supporting cells with more branching dendrites

35
Q

Where are neuron cell bodies located

A

In the gray matter

36
Q

Prosencephalon

A

The front brain meant for smell

37
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Mid brain in charge of vision and hearing

38
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain controlling balance and movement connected to the spinal cord

39
Q

What does the rhombencephalon divide into for mammalians

A

Metencephalon (across brain), and the myelencephalon (spinal cord)

40
Q

Spinal cord

A

Controls most of the body movements , can act independently of the brain, and can perform automatic movements which the brain cannot inhibit.

41
Q

Brainstem

A

Begins where the spinal cord enters the skull, receives afferent nerves from other parts of the body and sends efferent nerves out to control movements

42
Q

Hindbrain

A

Evolutionary the oldest part of the brain that contains the cerebellum, reticular formation, pons, and medulla. Controls various automatic functions from balance to breathing

43
Q

Mid brain

A

Important for producing movements, species specific behavior, and pain perception. The tegmentum in the cross section reveals the nuclei

44
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Receives visual input

45
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Receives auditory input

46
Q

What is the diencephalon and what is it made up of

A

It is the between brain that integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex, made up of the thalamus and the hypothalamus

47
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Structure that controls our drives (ie. eating, drinking sexual)

48
Q

Thalamus

A

Structure that analyzes all information from sensory systems and organizes them and distributes them to appropriate regions of the neocortex

49
Q

HPA

A

The connections between the hypothalamus and the pituitary stalk and gland.

50
Q

Forebrain

A

Contains major structures such as basal ganglia, neocortex, limbic system, and allocortex

51
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Voluntary movement

52
Q

Allocortex

A

Contains hippocampus and amygdala that control emotional states

53
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Contains concentric rings of allocortex and neocortex and takes up most space of the forebrain

54
Q

What does the allocortex have

A
  • Amygdala-Controls anxiety and fear
  • Cingulate cortex-Emotion formation, learning, memory, linking behavior to motivation
  • Olfactory system-smell
55
Q

Cortical lobes

A

Nearly symmetrical lobes that are separated by longitudinal fissure and a central sulcus

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
56
Q

Damaging the frontal leads to

A

Lack of movement personality change

57
Q

Damaging the parietal

A

Lack of mapping for tasks

58
Q

Damaging the temporal

A

Lack of hearing and attention

59
Q

Damaging occipital lobe

A

Lack of sight

60
Q

Where is the basal ganglia

A

Below the white matter of the neocortex

61
Q

Diseases associated with the basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s and Tourette syndrome

62
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nervous system with cranial nerves

Psych 275 (6 decks)

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