Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 275 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Electricity

A

A flow of electrons from a body that contains a higher charge to a body that contains a lower charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Negative pole

A

The source of electrons- higher charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Positive pole

A

Location to which electrons flow- Lower charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Do nerves carry electrical stimulation

A

Yes (Galvani 18th century)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Electrical stimulation

A

Passing a electrical current from the tip of an electrode through the brain tissue, changing the electrical activity in the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fritsch and Hitzig found

A

Electrical stimulation of the neocortex causes movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bartholow found

A

First report of human brain stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Caton studies

A

First attempt in measuring electrical currents of the brain using a voltmeter and electrodes to the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

Graph that records electrical activity through the skull or from the brain and represents graded potentials of many neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

von Helmholtz studies

A

Flow of info in the nervous system is too slow to be a flow of electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bernstein found

A

Ions don’t travel along the axon but rather a wave of charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Electrical potential

A

An electrical charge measured in volts: stored energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Volt

A

A measure of a different in electrical potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Voltmeter

A

A device that measures volts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was used to measure a neuron’s electrical activity

A

A giant squid because of its large axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Microelectrodes

A

A set of electrodes small enough to go into an axon. Can be used to measure a neurons neural activity or deliver a current to a single neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DIffusion

A

Movement of ions from higher concentration to lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Differences in concentration of a substance that allow substances to diffuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Voltage gradient

A

Difference in charge between two regions that allows a flow of current if the two regions are connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Equilibrium

A

Occurs when concentration gradients and voltage gradients are balances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Resting potential

A

Electrical charge of the membrane in the absence of stimulation. The inside of the membrane is at rest (-70mV) relative to the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What four charged particles take part in a resting potential

A

Na+, Cl-, K+, and large proteins (A-)

23
Q

Ion distribution across a resting membrane

A

A- ions and K+ ions have higher concentration inside the axon while Na+ and Cl- have higher concentration outside the axon

24
Q

Na+-K+ pumps

A

Intrude Na+ from the intercellular fluid and extrude K+

25
Q

Graded potentials

A

Small voltage fluctuations across the cell membrane

26
Q

Hperpolarization

A
  • Increase in electrical charge across a membrane (more negative)
  • Usually due to the inward flow of Cl- (signalled by GABA) and outward flow of K+
27
Q

Depolarization

A
  • Decrease in electrical charge across a membrane

- Due to inflow of sodium

28
Q

Action potential

A

Large brief reversal in polarity of an axon

29
Q

Threshold potential

A

Voltage of neural membrane at which an action potential is triggered. Opening of Na+ and K+ voltage activated channels to -50mV leads to it

30
Q

Voltage activated ion channels

A

Gated channels that open or close only at specific membrane voltages. Na+ channels are more sensitive and open sooner and both are closed at resting

31
Q

Repolarization

A

Returning to a polarized state (K+ out)

32
Q

Tetrodotoxin

A

Blocks sodium channels and causes a slightly different action potential due to an efflux of potassium recorded

33
Q

TEA on action potential

A

TEA surrounding the axon blocks the potassium channels, a smaller than normal but longer action potential is recorded

34
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

The state of an axon in the repolarizing period in which a new action potential cannot be fired because the channels are closed

35
Q

Relative refractory period

A

The state of an axon in the later phase of an action potential, during which a stronger current is required to produce another action potential, Potassium channels are still open

36
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Propagation of an action potential down an axon and only down. Refractory periods produce a single discrete impulse that travels along the axon in one direction only. Size and shape of potential remain constant along the axon

37
Q

Myelin

A

Produced by oligodendroglia in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS, speed up nerve impulses

38
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Part of an axon that is not covered in myelin, enables interaction with the extracellular fluid and leads to action potentials

39
Q

How many connections can dendritic spines create for a neuron

A

Over 50k

40
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Brief depolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making the neuron more likely to fire an action potential (Influx of Na+)

41
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Brief hyper-polarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation, making it less likely to fire an action potential (Efflux of K+ or influx of Cl-)

42
Q

Summation

A

Cell body adding IDSP and EDSP impulses, need both temporal and spatial summation to increase action potential

43
Q

Temporal summation

A

Pulses that occur approximately the same time on a membrane that are summed

44
Q

Spatial summation

A

Pulses that occur at approximately the same place on a membrane are summed

45
Q

The axon hillock

A

Junction of the cell body and axon, rich in voltage activated channels, EDSPs and IPSPs and action potentials are initiated here

46
Q

Where do action potentials not occur

A

On its dendrites although some neurons have voltage activated channels on the dendrites that do enable action potentials

47
Q

Back propagation

A

Reverse movement of an action from the axon hillock into the dendritic field

48
Q

Optigenetics

A

Some ion channels respond to light rather than voltage

49
Q

Ways we receive information about the world

A
  • Bodily sensations
  • Auditory sensations
  • Visual sensations
  • Chemical sensations
50
Q

Neurons in relation to the ways we receive info

A

All neurons related to the way we receive info have ion channels on their cell membrane, these ion channels initiate chain of events that produce a nerve impulse

51
Q

Touch neuron example

A

Hair displacement when touched opens stretch-activated channels in the dendrites membrane allow for an action potential

52
Q

How nerve impulses produce movement

A

Spinal motor neurons send nerve impulses to synapses on muscle cells, axon of each motor neuron makes on or more synapses with target muscle and sends to end plate (Part of the muscle membrane that is contacted by the axon terminal)

53
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Chemical transmitter that the axon terminal releases at the muscle end plate. This allows channels to open causing a membrane to depolarize the muscle to the threshold, which then leads to an action potential causing muscle contraction

Psych 275 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions