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BIO 2451 LECTURE > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the skin has two major layers :

A

epidermis ; dermis

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2
Q

is the most superficial layer

A

epidermis

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3
Q

consists of epithelial tissue and is avascular

A

epidermis

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4
Q

a layer deep to the epidermis

A

dermis

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5
Q

mostly fibrous connective tissue and is vascular

A

dermis

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6
Q

also called the subcutaneous layer located deep to the dermis but not a real layer of skin

A

hypodermis

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7
Q

composed of areolar and adipose tissue

A

hypodermis

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8
Q

anchors skin to underlying structures

A

hypodermis

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9
Q

the epidermis has these four major types of cells:

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, intraepidermal macrophages, and tactile epithelial cells

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10
Q

type of cell that produce fibrous keratin, is a major cell of the epidermis, and is tightly connected by desmosomes

A

keratinocytes

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11
Q

spider-shaped cells located deepest epidermis, produce melanin

A

melanocytes

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12
Q

star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis; are also key activators of immune system

A

dendritic cells

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13
Q

sensory receptors that sense touch

A

tactile cells

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14
Q

the five layers of the skin from deep to superficial are :

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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15
Q

there are _ types of skin

A

2

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16
Q

type of skin that covers all body regions except the palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles

A

thin hairy skin

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17
Q

type of skin that covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles

A

thick hairless skin

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18
Q

is the deepest layer that is firmly attached to the dermis made of a single row of stem cells that actively divide

A

stratum basale

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19
Q

10-25% of the stratum basale is composed of

A

melanocytes

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20
Q

layer of the skin made of several cell layers thick with keratinocytes in this layer appear spikey

A

stratum spinosum

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21
Q

the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum are abundant in _____ and ___ ____

A

melanosomes ; dendritic cells

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22
Q

layer of skin that is four to six cells thick but cells are flattened so layer is thin

A

stratum granulosum

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23
Q

layer of skin only found in thick skin; translucent band of two to three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes

A

stratum lucidum

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24
Q

layer of skin with 20-30 rows of flat, anucleated, keratinized dead cells and accounts for three-quarters of epidermal thickness

A

stratum corneum

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25
Q

the dead cells in the stratum corneum function to ___ deeper cells fro the environment, ___ water loss, protect from ___ and ___, and act as a ___ against biological, chemical, and physical assaults

A

protect; prevent; abrasion; penetration; barrier

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26
Q

strong, flexible connective tissue that is deep to the epidermis

A

dermis

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27
Q

cells in the dermis include :

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells

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28
Q

the __ contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels ; and epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands

A

dermis

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29
Q

two layers of the dermis include :

A

papillary and reticular

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30
Q

is the most superficial layer of the dermis

A

papillary region

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31
Q

superficial layer of the dermis made from loose, areolar connective tissue consisting of loose, interlacing collagen and elastic fivers and blood vessels

A

papillary region

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32
Q

layer of the dermis that is made of dense irregular connective tissue

A

reticular region

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33
Q

superficial region of dermis that sends fingerlike projections up into epidermis

A

dermal papillae

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34
Q

the dermal papillae contains

A

capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors

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35
Q

in the thick skin, dermal papillae lie on top of dermal ridges, which give rise to epidermal ridges

A

fingerprints

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36
Q

layer of the dermis that makes up 80% of dermal thickness, consists of dense fibrous connective tissue

A

reticular layer

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37
Q

the reticular layer contains a network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis called

A

cutaneous plexus

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38
Q

the extracellular matrix of the reticular layer contains pockets of

A

adipose cells

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39
Q

in the reticular layer are caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface

A

cleavage tension lines

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40
Q

the number of melanocytes is relatively

A

constant

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41
Q

is produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale

A

melanin

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42
Q

red pigment in red blood cells, shows in people with low pigment production

A

hemoglobin

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43
Q

a yellow-orange pigment stored in the stratum corneum and adipose tissue

A

carotene

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44
Q

congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes due to a defect of an enzyme involved in the production of melanin

A

albinism

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45
Q

is a chronic disorder that causes depigmentation patches in the skin, causes is not known but most likely a combination of genetic factors coupled with a disorder of the immune system resulting in the destruction of melanocytes

A

vitiligo

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46
Q

is the subcutaneous layer and attaches the skin to underlying tissues and organs

A

hypodermis

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47
Q

composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells and are present on most body surfaces except the palms and palmar surfaces on fingers as well as the soles and plantar surfaces of the feet

A

hair

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48
Q

another name for hair is

A

pili

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49
Q

___ and ___ influences determine the thickness and distribution of our hair

A

genetic ; hormonal

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50
Q

functions of hair include :

A

tactile function, guard against physical trauma, protect against heat loss, and shield skin from sunlight

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51
Q

hair color depends on type of pigment produced by

A

melanocytes

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52
Q

hair color is primarily due to the amount and type of ___ present in the keratinized cells of the hair

A

melanin

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53
Q

brown to black type of melanin

A

eumelanin

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54
Q

yellow to red type of melanin

A

phomelanin

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55
Q

loss of pigment in hair production with

A

age

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56
Q

partial loss of melanin

A

grey hair

57
Q

complete loss of melanin

A

white hair

58
Q

hair grows in cycles with _ stages

A

3

59
Q

about 85% of hair is in the stage at any one point

A

growth stage

60
Q

stage where cells in the hair matrix are dividing adding cells to the hair medulla, 85% of follicles are in this stage, 2-6 years

A

growth stage

61
Q

stage where cells in the hair matrix stop dividing, hair follicle atrophies and the hair stops growing, 2-3 weeks

A

regression stage

62
Q

stage where hair falls out, the follicle prepares to enter the growth stage, 3 months

A

resting stage

63
Q

type of hair that covers the fetus

A

lanugo

64
Q

type of hair that is long, coarse, heavily pigmented and replace laguno hair after birth in eyelashes, eyebrows, and scalp

A

terminal hair

65
Q

short, fine, pale body hair of adult females and children, replace laguno everywhere else in the body after birth

A

vellus hair

66
Q

are connected to hair follicles (holocrine type) contain oily secretions, bacterial properties, softens hair and skin

A

sebaceous oil glands

67
Q

another name for sweat glands

A

sudoriferous

68
Q

merocrine type of these sweat glands are the most numerous, abundant on palms, soles, and forehead, ducts connect to pores

A

eccrine sweat glands

69
Q

function of merocrine type eccrine sweat glands is

A

thermoregulation

70
Q

merocrine type eccrine sweat glands are regulated by the

A

sympathetic nervous system

71
Q

merocrine type eccrine sweat glands produce the secretion of

A

sweat

72
Q

are located mainly in hairy skin areas

A

merocrine type apocrine sweat glands

73
Q

secrete lipids, proteins, ions, water, small molecules - milky or yellowish sweat

A

apocrine sweat glands

74
Q

the ducts of these glands empty into hair follicles

A

apocrine sweat glands

75
Q

modified sweat glands located in the ear canal

A

ceruminous glands

76
Q

type of modified apocrine sweat glands that secrete milk

A

mammary glands

77
Q

function of this cutaneous gland is temperature control and antibacterial properties

A

eccrine sweat glands

78
Q

eccrine sweat glands secrete

A

hypotonic filtrate of blood plasma

79
Q

the method of secretion in eccrine sweat glands is

A

merocrine (exocytosis)

80
Q

the eccrine sweat glands duct goes to the ___ ____

A

skin surface

81
Q

located everywhere but especially palms, soles, and forehead

A

eccrine sweat glands

82
Q

function of this gland is to act as a sexual scent glands

A

apocrine sweat glands

83
Q

type of secretion method is to filtrate blood plasma with added proteins and fatty substances

A

apocrine sweat glands

84
Q

apocrine sweat glands secrete by

A

merocrine (exocytosis)

85
Q

the apocrine sweat gland duct exists at the

A

upper hair follicle

86
Q

this gland is mainly located mostly axillary and anogenital regions

A

apocrine sweat glands

87
Q

the function of this sweat gland is to lubricate skin and hair, help prevent water loss, and antibacterial properties

A

sebaceous glands

88
Q

type of secretion from a sebaceous glands is

A

sebum

89
Q

the method of secretion that a sebaceous gland is

A

holocrine

90
Q

the sebaceous gland duct exists at the

A

upper hair follicle

91
Q

sebaceous glands are located

A

everywhere except palms and soles

92
Q

acne is usually an infectious inflammation of the _____ ___ resulting in pimples

A

sebaceous glands

93
Q

are blocked sebaceous glands

A

whiteheads

94
Q

if secretion is oxidized, whiteheads becomes a

A

blackhead

95
Q

overactive sebaceous glands in infants can lead to ___ or cradle cap

A

seborrhea

96
Q

scale-like modifications of epidermis that contain hard keratin that act as a protective cover for distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes

A

nails

97
Q

thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth

A

nail matrix

98
Q

skin folds that overlap border of nail

A

nail folds

99
Q

nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body

A

eponychium

100
Q

area under free edge of plate that accumulates dirt

A

hypoonychium

101
Q

nails normally appear pink because of

A

underlying capillaries

102
Q

thickened nail matrix, appears white

A

lunule

103
Q

yellow-tinged may indicate

A

respiratory or thyroid gland disorder

104
Q

thickened yellow nails can be due to a

A

fungal infection

105
Q

an outward concavity of nail may signal iron deficiency

A

koilonychya

106
Q

horizontal lines across nail may indicate severe illnesses such as uncontrolled diabetes, heart attack, or cancer chemotherapy

A

beau’s lines

107
Q

the six main functions of skin are :

A

thermoregulation, blood reservoir, protection, cutaneous sensations, excretion and absorption, and synthesis of vitamin d

108
Q

occurs when superficial wounds affect only the epidermis

A

epidermal wound healing

109
Q

in epidermal wound healing the tissue is healed the __ as before

A

same

110
Q

occurs when an injury extends into the dermis and subcutaneous layer

A

dermal wound healing

111
Q

the wound is filled with fibrin and coagulated blood

A

inflammatory/exudative phase

112
Q

scavenger cells remove dead cells and germs

A

migratory phase/resorptive phase

113
Q

new cells are formed, which fill the wound

A

proliferative phase

114
Q

cells are formed around the edge of the wound, new skin is created, and the wound finally closes

A

repair phase

115
Q

epidermis develops from

A

ectoderm

116
Q

dermis develops from

A

mesoderm

117
Q

the most common cause of skin cancer is caused from

A

excessive exposure to ultraviolet light

118
Q

the three types of cancer are

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma

119
Q

a ___ __ begins cancer

A

single cell

120
Q

cancer of melanocytes, is the most dangerous type because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy

A

melanoma

121
Q

melanoma can be detected by the

A

ABCD rule

122
Q

A in the ABCD rule; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match

A

asymmetry

123
Q

B in the ABCD rule; exhibits indentations

A

border irregularity

124
Q

C in the ABCD rule; contains several colors

A

color

125
Q

D in the ABCD rule; larger than 6 mm

A

diameter

126
Q

result from when the protein in the skin are denatured

A

burn

127
Q

burn is tissue damaged caused by

A

excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, corrosive chemicals that denature

128
Q

burn grade that includes damaged epidermis; 3-6 days to heal

A

first degree

129
Q

damage epidermis and dermis no damage to accessory organs; 3-4 weeks to heal

A

second degree

130
Q

full thickness wounds; all skin functions at site are lost

A

third degree

131
Q

a major burn affects systemic functions such as

A

hypovolemia, infection, diminished immunity, thermoregulation

132
Q

the __ __ and __ of __ determine if a burn is major

A

surface area; grade; burn

133
Q

is used to estimate the surface area of an adult affected by a burn

A

rule of nines

134
Q

third degree burn over

A

10% of skin

135
Q

second degree burn over

A

25% of skin

136
Q

any third degree burn affecting the

A

face, hands, feet, perineum

137
Q

is the removal of burned skin

A

debridement

138
Q

when shedding of epithelium caused by a deficiency of blood flow to tissues occurs, pressure ulcers can develop

A

pressure ulcers

139
Q

pressure ulcers are more likely to develop where there is

A

bony prominences and little muscle

BIO 2451 LECTURE (3 decks)

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