Chapter 4 - Tissue Flashcards
a group of cells with a common embryonic origin and which function together to carry out specialized activities
tissue
there are __ primary tissue types
4
the four primary tissue types are
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous tissue
branch of anatomy for the study of tissues
histology
type of tissue that forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, and filters; mainly covering tissue
epithelial tissue
type of tissue that supports, protects, and binds other tissues together; mainly supporting tissue
connective tissue
type of tissue that contracts to cause movement; mainly for movement
muscular tissue
type of tissue for internal communication; makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; mainly information processing and coordination
nervous tissue
is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
epithelial tissue
two main forms of epithelial tissue
covering and lining epithelia ; glandular epithelia
type of epithelial tissue that lies on external or internal surfaces (ex: skin)
covering and lining epithelia
type of epithelial tissue that is a secretory tissue in glands
glandular epithelia
the 6 main functions of epithelial tissue are :
protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception
in epithelial tissue cells are arranged in ___ and are ____ packed
sheets : densely
epithelial tissue has many ___ ______ present
cell junctions
epithelial tissue is ______ but does not have a ____ supply
avascular ; nerve
____ occurs frequently in epithelial tissue because of high turnover rate (protective)
mitosis
epithelial tissue have __ special characteristics
5
epithelial tissue exhibit ___ between the apical and basal layer
polarity
cells have a top and bottom
polarity
is not attached to surrounding tissue and is exposed to either the outside of the body or the cavity of an internal organ (outside)
apical surface
most apical surfaces are
smooth
some apical surfaces have ____ which are specialized fingerlike projections
microvilli
is attached to the underlying connective tissue (inside)
basal surface
the basal surface attaches to the ____ ______
basal lamina
an adhesive sheet that holds basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells
basal lamina
epithelial tissue exhibits ____ ______ in order to fit closely together
specialized contracts
epithelial tissues need to fit closely together to form many _____ ___
continuous sheets
specialized contact points bind ____ epithelial cells together
adjacent
two main types of specialized contracts are ____ ______ and ______
tight junctions ; desmosomes
prevent substances from leaking through spaces between cells
tight junctions
keep cells from pulling apart
desmosomes
epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by
connective tissues
in between epithelial and connective tissues is a ____ _______
basement membrane
membrane that reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary
basement membrane
the basement membrane consists of ___ layers
two
The basement membrane consists of two layers :
basal lamina and reticular lamina
is deep to the basal lamina and consists of a network of collagen fibers
reticular lamina
the epithelial tissue is ____ but _____
avascular ; innervated
there are __ blood vessels found in epithelial tissue
no
epithelial tissue must be nourished by ____ of underlying connective tissues
diffusion
epithelial tissue is supplied by ____ _____
nerve fibers
epithelium has a high _____ capcity
regenerative
epithelial tissues are stimulated by loss of apical-basal ____ and broken lateral contacts
polarity
when there is damage or destruction in epithelial cells, they must be ____
reproduced
epithelial cells can replace lost cells by cell division only if there is adequate _____
nutrition
a single cell layer
simple epithelia
composed of two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other
stratified epithelia
are flattened and scale-like cells with a nucleus shaped like a flattened disc
squamous cells
are boxlike, approximately as tall as they are wide with a nucleus shaped like a sphere
cuboidal cells
are tall and column shaped cells with a nucleus that is elongated from top to bottom
columnar cells
single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; simplest epithelia
simple squamous epithelium
the function of simple squamous epithelium is ____ , _____, and _____
diffusion, filtration, and secretion
simple squamous epithelium can be found in the ___ and ____
kidney ; lungs
single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical nuclei
simple cuboidal epithelium
the function of simple cuboidal epithelium is _____ and _____
secretion ; absorption
simple cuboidal epithelium is located in ____ and ___ of the ____ glands
kidneys ; ducts ; small
single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei
simple columnar epithelium
the function of simple columnar epithelium is ____ and _____
absorption ; secretion
simple columnar epithelium lines the ____ ___ and _____
digestive tract ; gallbladder
single layer of cells of differing heights with nuclei of different levels
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium is _____
secretion
pseudostratified columnar epithelium is lines the ____ and is seen in the ____ of the ____ glands
digestive tract; ducts; large
thick epithelium composed of several layers with surface cells that are flattened
stratified squamous epithelium
the function of stratified squamous epithelium is to _____ underlying tissues
protects
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal in its basal layers and apical cells shaped squamous like
transitional epithelium
the function of transitional epithelium is to ____ and permit _____ of urine to the urinary organ
stretch ; distending
consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
gland
the product of a gland is an aqueous fluid called a
secretion
secretion is an ___ process
active
glands are classified by their ____ and ___
product ; process
internally secreting (ex: hormones)
endocrine
externally secreting (ex: sweat)
exocrine
one celled (ex: goblet cell)
unicellular
many-celled (ex: salivary)
multicellular
retain the connecting cells, which form a duct that transports secretions to the epithelial surface
exocrine glands
lose their ducts during development, they secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid
endocrine glands
endocrine glands secrete _____ by ___
hormones ; exocytosis
there are ___ exocrine glands than endocrine glands
more
exocrine glands secrete products into
ducts
endocrine glands can be found in the
pituitary glands and pineal gland of the brain
function is for hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis
endocrine glands
exocrine glands can be found in
sweat glands and salivary glands
function is to produce substances such as sweat to help lower the body temperature, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes
exocrine gland
examples of unicellular glands are
mucous and goblet cells
unicellular exocrine glands are found in the epithelial linings of the ____ and ____ tracts
intestinal ; respiratory
all unicellular glands produce ____
mucin
is a sugar-protein that can dissolve in water to form mucus
mucin
are composed of a duct and a secretory unit
multicellular exocrine glands
multicellular exocrine glands are usually surrounded by supportive _____ tissue that supplies blood and nerve fibers to gland
connective
multicellular exocrine glands are classified by ___ and mode of ____
structure ; secretion
glandular epithelium is
multicellular
have unbranched ducts
simple exocrine gland
glands that have branched ducts
compound glands
in this gland, secretory cells form a duct
tubular gland
in this gland, secretory cells form sacs
alveolar glands
this gland has ducts and sacs
tubuloalveolar glands
mode of secretion where most secrete products by exocytosis as secretions are produced
merocrine
merocrine secretion happens in the
sweat and pancreas
type of secretion where products accumulate within, then rupture
holocrine
holocine secretion happens in the
sebaceous oil glands
type of secretion where products accumulate within, but only apex ruptures or pinches off
apocrine
apocrine secretion happens in
mammary cells
is the most abundant, widely distributed tissues in the body
connective tissue
connective tissue functions by
support, binding, insulating, protecting, and providing a medium of transport of molecules and ions in the body
connective tissue all have common
embryonic origin
connective tissue all rise from
mesenchyme tissue
after first derived, cell name ends in
-blast
after maturing and are less productive, cells name ends in
-cyte
connective tissue has varying degrees of ____ and _____
vascularity ; innervation
cartilage is
avascular
bone is highly
vascularized
cartilage does not have
nerves
connective tissue cells are suspended in ____ ____
extracellular matrix
ECM of connective tissue consists of ____ _____ and ____ produced by ___
ground substance ; fibers ; cells
connective tissue proper contains the subclasses of
loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
loose connective tissue contains these 3 types :
areolar, adipose, and reticular
dense connective tissue contains these 3 types :
regular, irregular, elastic
connective tissue proper contains these 4 cells:
fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, and adipocytes
the four main functions of connective tissue proper is
binding tissue, resist tension, provide reservoir for water and salts, and energy storage
cartilage contains 3 subclasses :
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage
cartilage contains these 2 cells :
chondroblasts ; chondrocytes
cartilage has a matrix containing ___ ____ and ____
ground substance ; fibers
connective tissue proper has a matrix containing ___ ___ and ___
ground substance ; fibers
the two main functions of cartilage are to
resist compression and act as a cushion while supporting
bone tissue has these 2 subclasses :
compact and spongy bone
bone tissue contains these 2 cells :
osteoblasts ; osteocytes
the matrix of bone tissue contains ____ ____ and ____
ground substance ; fibers
cartilage is a type of ____ tissue
connective
bone is a type of ____ tissue
connective
blood is a type of ____ tissue
connective
blood has these 3 types of cells
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
the matrix of blood contains ___ but __ fibers
plasma ; no
the main function of blood is to be a
fluid tissue and carry substances
is an unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells
ground substance
solutes can diffuse through the
ground substance
ground substance contains
interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans
there are __ main types of connective tissue fibers
3
is the most abundant molecule type, is tough and able to resist pulling
collagen
is the strongest fiber
collagen
networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
elastic fibers
short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers; that offer structural support and offer some “give”
reticular
are the immature form of cell that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers
blast cells
type of blast cell found in connective tissue proper
fibroblasts
type of blast cell found in cartilage
chondroblasts
type of blast cell found in bone
osteoblasts
blast cells ___ the stuff
build
mature, less active form of blast cell that becomes part and helps maintain the health of the matrix
cyte cells
type of “housekeeping cell”
cyte cells
type of cell found in the stroma that stores nutrients
fat cells
type of cell found in the stroma that is a tissue response to injury
white blood cells
type of cell found in the stroma that initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect
mast cells
mast cells are considered the
first line of denfence
type of cell found in the stroma that are phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune system
macrophages
fibers are produced by
fibroblasts
called white fibers are made of collagen proteins; resist pulling forces and form tight bundles
collagen fibers
bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons have plenty of
collagen fibers
yellow fibers made of elastin protein; provide elasticity
elastic fibers
are seen in skin, wall of blood vessels, and lung tissue
elastic fibers
are made of fine collagen fibers which form stroma that supports soft organs like spleen and lymph nodes
reticular fibers
is the most widely distributed connective tissue
areolar connective tissue
this tissues function is to wrap and cushion organs, phagocytize bacteria, play a role in inflammation, and hold/convey tissue fluid
areolar connective tissue
areolar connective tissue is located in the
hypodermis
the function of this tissue is to reserve food fuel, insulate, and support and protect organs
adipose connective tissue
the cells in adipose tissue are called
adipocytes
adipose tissue is ____ vascularized
highly
this tissue is located under the skin, in-between muscles, around the heart and kidney, yellow bone marrow, and female breasts
adipose connective tissue
the function of this tissue is to form an internal skeleton that supports other cell types
loose reticular connective tissue
this tissue is located in the lymphoid oragans
loose reticular connective tissue
the connective tissue provide support is called the
stroma
the tissue that performs the specific function of the organ is called the
parenchyma
the function of this tissue it to attach muscles to bones or to muscles; withstand tensile stress
dense regular connective tissue
dense connective tissue is located
in tendons and ligaments
dense regular connective tissue is mostly ___ and poorly _____
fibers; vascularized
connects muscle to bones
tendon
connects bone to bone
ligament
the function of this tissue is to withstand tension from many directions and provide structural support
dense irregular connective tissue
this type of dense connective tissue forms sheets rather than bundles
dense irregular connective tissue
is located in fibrous capsules and dermis
dense irregular connective tissue
the function of this tissue is to allow recoil and maintain blood flow
elastic connective tissue
this tissue is located in the walls of large arteries
elastic connective tissue
is a flexible but tough connective tissue formed by chondroblasts
cartilage tissue
chondrocytes are not ___ and ____ tissue
innervated ; avascular
because cartilage is avascular and not innervated the ___ capacity is ___
healing ; poor
there are _ types of cartilage tissue
3
is the most abundant cartilage tissue
hyaline cartilage
the function of this cartilage is to support, reinforce, cushion, and resist compressive stress
hyaline cartilage
is located at the ends of long bones, costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx
hyaline cartilage
hyaline cartilage gives rise to
bones
type of tissue that has plenty of elastic fibers and chondrocytes, seen in areas that show elasticity
elastic cartilage
the function of this tissue is to maintain the shape of a structure while allowing flexibility
elastic cartilage
in elastic cartilage the ___ of elastic creates more ____ and the ____ fibers make it ___
ratio ; bounce; criss cross; strong
this tissue is located and supports the external ear
elastic cartilage
has thick bundles of collagen fibers and chondrocytes and can resist high compressional forces
fibrocartilage
the function of this tissue is tensile strength that allows it to absorb compressive shock
fibrocartilage
is located in the intervertebral discs, knee-meniscus, and pubic symphysis
fibrocartilage
hard and rigid tissue, makes up the bulk of the skeletal system
bone tissue
type of bone tissue that has osteons
compact bone
are the units of compact bone tissue
osteons
bone tissue is highly ____ and is ____
vascular ; innervated
bones heal relatively easy because of its high _____
vascularity
type of bone tissue that has no osteons
spongy bone tissue
interconnected network of thin columns of bone called
trabeculae
is the site of blood cell production
red bone marrow
highly specialized liquid connective tissue; has a liquid ECM called plasma
blood tissue
type of tissue consisting of fibers that can shorten or contract and so they are critical components to provide motion, maintain posture, and product heat
muscular tissue
type of tissue that is attached to and causes movement of bones
skeletal muscle tissue
skeletal muscle is a ____ muscle
voluntary
cells in skeletal muscle are called ___ ____
muscle fibers
muscle fibers contain multiple ___ and appear ___
nuclei ; striated
the function of this tissue is voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, voluntary control
skeletal muscle
is located in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
skeletal muscle
the function of this tissue is while it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control
cardiac muscle
is located in the walls of the heart
cardiac muscle
cardiac muscle is an ____ muscle
involuntary
contains striations but only __ nucleous
one
the cells in cardiac muscle have many ____
branches
are special joints where cardiac cells are joined
intercalated discs
function of this tissue is to propel substances or objects along internal passageways
smooth muscle
smooth muscle is under _____ control
involuntary
is located mostly in the walls of follow organs
smooth muscle
smooth muscle has __ visible striations
no
the cells in smooth muscle are ___ - shaped cells with __ nucleus
spindle ; one
nervous tissue is composed of these two cells
neurons ; neurogila
carry sensory or motor information and they can perform integrative functions
neurons
protect and support neurons
neurogila
___ and ____ are considered excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability
neurons ; muscle fibers
is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals
electrical excitability
a measure of potential energy generated by separated charge
voltage
flow of electrical charge between two points; used to do work dependent on voltage and resistance
current
hinderance to charge flow
resistance
membrane ion channels are
selective
type of channel that are always open, leaky
leakage nongated channels
open in response to binding of the appropriate neurotransmitter
chemically gated ion channels
open in response to changes in membrane potential
voltage gated ion channels
type of membrane that lines the cavities of moveable joints
synovial membrane
made of areolar and adipose connective tissue
synovial membrane
synovial membrane secretes the ___ ___ that lubricates the moveable joinrs
synovial fluid
type of membrane that lines body cavities that are open to the exterior
mucous membrane
is a moist membrane bathed by secretions; can also secrete mucus
mucous membrane
epithelial sheet lies over layer of loose connective tissue called
lamina propria
type of moist membrane found in closed ventral body cavities, constructed from simple squamous epithelium resting on thin areolar connective tissue
serous membrane
part of the serous membrane that lines the internal body cavity walls
parietal serosae
part of the serous membrane that covers internal organs
visceral serosae
membrane for the lungs
pleurae
membrane for the heart
pericardium
membrane for the abdomen
peritoneum
another name for skin
cutaneous membrane
is made of epidermis and dermis
cutaneous membrane
same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, so original function is restorred
regeneration
connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, and original function lost
repair
epithelial cells are replaced by the division of __ cells or undifferentiated cells
stem
there are 3 stages of tissue healing:
inflammation, proliferation, remodeling
the first step; release of inflammatory chemicals and clotting of blood occurs
inflammation stage
release of inflammatory chemicals cause :
dilation of blood vessels; increase in blood vessel permeability
step two; where organization restores blood supply, clots are replaced with granulation tissue, regeneration begins, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers, and any debris is phagocytized
proliferation
the blood clot is replaced with ____ ____
granulation tissue
step three when regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair
remodeling
tissues with moderate regenerating capacity:
smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue
tissues with little to no functional regenerative capacity
cardiac muscle, nervous tissue, cartilage
