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BIO 2451 LECTURE > Chapter 4 - Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a group of cells with a common embryonic origin and which function together to carry out specialized activities

A

tissue

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2
Q

there are __ primary tissue types

A

4

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3
Q

the four primary tissue types are

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous tissue

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4
Q

branch of anatomy for the study of tissues

A

histology

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5
Q

type of tissue that forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, and filters; mainly covering tissue

A

epithelial tissue

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6
Q

type of tissue that supports, protects, and binds other tissues together; mainly supporting tissue

A

connective tissue

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7
Q

type of tissue that contracts to cause movement; mainly for movement

A

muscular tissue

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8
Q

type of tissue for internal communication; makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; mainly information processing and coordination

A

nervous tissue

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9
Q

is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

A

epithelial tissue

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10
Q

two main forms of epithelial tissue

A

covering and lining epithelia ; glandular epithelia

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11
Q

type of epithelial tissue that lies on external or internal surfaces (ex: skin)

A

covering and lining epithelia

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12
Q

type of epithelial tissue that is a secretory tissue in glands

A

glandular epithelia

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13
Q

the 6 main functions of epithelial tissue are :

A

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

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14
Q

in epithelial tissue cells are arranged in ___ and are ____ packed

A

sheets : densely

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15
Q

epithelial tissue has many ___ ______ present

A

cell junctions

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16
Q

epithelial tissue is ______ but does not have a ____ supply

A

avascular ; nerve

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17
Q

____ occurs frequently in epithelial tissue because of high turnover rate (protective)

A

mitosis

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18
Q

epithelial tissue have __ special characteristics

A

5

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19
Q

epithelial tissue exhibit ___ between the apical and basal layer

A

polarity

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20
Q

cells have a top and bottom

A

polarity

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21
Q

is not attached to surrounding tissue and is exposed to either the outside of the body or the cavity of an internal organ (outside)

A

apical surface

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22
Q

most apical surfaces are

A

smooth

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23
Q

some apical surfaces have ____ which are specialized fingerlike projections

A

microvilli

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24
Q

is attached to the underlying connective tissue (inside)

A

basal surface

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25
Q

the basal surface attaches to the ____ ______

A

basal lamina

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26
Q

an adhesive sheet that holds basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells

A

basal lamina

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27
Q

epithelial tissue exhibits ____ ______ in order to fit closely together

A

specialized contracts

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28
Q

epithelial tissues need to fit closely together to form many _____ ___

A

continuous sheets

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29
Q

specialized contact points bind ____ epithelial cells together

A

adjacent

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30
Q

two main types of specialized contracts are ____ ______ and ______

A

tight junctions ; desmosomes

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31
Q

prevent substances from leaking through spaces between cells

A

tight junctions

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32
Q

keep cells from pulling apart

A

desmosomes

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33
Q

epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by

A

connective tissues

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34
Q

in between epithelial and connective tissues is a ____ _______

A

basement membrane

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35
Q

membrane that reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary

A

basement membrane

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36
Q

the basement membrane consists of ___ layers

A

two

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37
Q

The basement membrane consists of two layers :

A

basal lamina and reticular lamina

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38
Q

is deep to the basal lamina and consists of a network of collagen fibers

A

reticular lamina

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39
Q

the epithelial tissue is ____ but _____

A

avascular ; innervated

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40
Q

there are __ blood vessels found in epithelial tissue

A

no

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41
Q

epithelial tissue must be nourished by ____ of underlying connective tissues

A

diffusion

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42
Q

epithelial tissue is supplied by ____ _____

A

nerve fibers

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43
Q

epithelium has a high _____ capcity

A

regenerative

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44
Q

epithelial tissues are stimulated by loss of apical-basal ____ and broken lateral contacts

A

polarity

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45
Q

when there is damage or destruction in epithelial cells, they must be ____

A

reproduced

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46
Q

epithelial cells can replace lost cells by cell division only if there is adequate _____

A

nutrition

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47
Q

a single cell layer

A

simple epithelia

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48
Q

composed of two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other

A

stratified epithelia

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49
Q

are flattened and scale-like cells with a nucleus shaped like a flattened disc

A

squamous cells

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50
Q

are boxlike, approximately as tall as they are wide with a nucleus shaped like a sphere

A

cuboidal cells

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51
Q

are tall and column shaped cells with a nucleus that is elongated from top to bottom

A

columnar cells

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52
Q

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; simplest epithelia

A

simple squamous epithelium

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53
Q

the function of simple squamous epithelium is ____ , _____, and _____

A

diffusion, filtration, and secretion

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54
Q

simple squamous epithelium can be found in the ___ and ____

A

kidney ; lungs

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55
Q

single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical nuclei

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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56
Q

the function of simple cuboidal epithelium is _____ and _____

A

secretion ; absorption

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57
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium is located in ____ and ___ of the ____ glands

A

kidneys ; ducts ; small

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58
Q

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei

A

simple columnar epithelium

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59
Q

the function of simple columnar epithelium is ____ and _____

A

absorption ; secretion

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60
Q

simple columnar epithelium lines the ____ ___ and _____

A

digestive tract ; gallbladder

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61
Q

single layer of cells of differing heights with nuclei of different levels

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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62
Q

the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium is _____

A

secretion

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63
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium is lines the ____ and is seen in the ____ of the ____ glands

A

digestive tract; ducts; large

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64
Q

thick epithelium composed of several layers with surface cells that are flattened

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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65
Q

the function of stratified squamous epithelium is to _____ underlying tissues

A

protects

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66
Q

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal in its basal layers and apical cells shaped squamous like

A

transitional epithelium

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67
Q

the function of transitional epithelium is to ____ and permit _____ of urine to the urinary organ

A

stretch ; distending

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68
Q

consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

A

gland

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69
Q

the product of a gland is an aqueous fluid called a

A

secretion

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70
Q

secretion is an ___ process

A

active

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71
Q

glands are classified by their ____ and ___

A

product ; process

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72
Q

internally secreting (ex: hormones)

A

endocrine

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73
Q

externally secreting (ex: sweat)

A

exocrine

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74
Q

one celled (ex: goblet cell)

A

unicellular

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75
Q

many-celled (ex: salivary)

A

multicellular

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76
Q

retain the connecting cells, which form a duct that transports secretions to the epithelial surface

A

exocrine glands

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77
Q

lose their ducts during development, they secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid

A

endocrine glands

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78
Q

endocrine glands secrete _____ by ___

A

hormones ; exocytosis

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79
Q

there are ___ exocrine glands than endocrine glands

A

more

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80
Q

exocrine glands secrete products into

A

ducts

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81
Q

endocrine glands can be found in the

A

pituitary glands and pineal gland of the brain

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82
Q

function is for hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine glands

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83
Q

exocrine glands can be found in

A

sweat glands and salivary glands

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84
Q

function is to produce substances such as sweat to help lower the body temperature, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes

A

exocrine gland

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85
Q

examples of unicellular glands are

A

mucous and goblet cells

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86
Q

unicellular exocrine glands are found in the epithelial linings of the ____ and ____ tracts

A

intestinal ; respiratory

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87
Q

all unicellular glands produce ____

A

mucin

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88
Q

is a sugar-protein that can dissolve in water to form mucus

A

mucin

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89
Q

are composed of a duct and a secretory unit

A

multicellular exocrine glands

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90
Q

multicellular exocrine glands are usually surrounded by supportive _____ tissue that supplies blood and nerve fibers to gland

A

connective

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91
Q

multicellular exocrine glands are classified by ___ and mode of ____

A

structure ; secretion

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92
Q

glandular epithelium is

A

multicellular

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93
Q

have unbranched ducts

A

simple exocrine gland

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94
Q

glands that have branched ducts

A

compound glands

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95
Q

in this gland, secretory cells form a duct

A

tubular gland

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96
Q

in this gland, secretory cells form sacs

A

alveolar glands

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97
Q

this gland has ducts and sacs

A

tubuloalveolar glands

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98
Q

mode of secretion where most secrete products by exocytosis as secretions are produced

A

merocrine

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99
Q

merocrine secretion happens in the

A

sweat and pancreas

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100
Q

type of secretion where products accumulate within, then rupture

A

holocrine

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101
Q

holocine secretion happens in the

A

sebaceous oil glands

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102
Q

type of secretion where products accumulate within, but only apex ruptures or pinches off

A

apocrine

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103
Q

apocrine secretion happens in

A

mammary cells

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104
Q

is the most abundant, widely distributed tissues in the body

A

connective tissue

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105
Q

connective tissue functions by

A

support, binding, insulating, protecting, and providing a medium of transport of molecules and ions in the body

106
Q

connective tissue all have common

A

embryonic origin

107
Q

connective tissue all rise from

A

mesenchyme tissue

108
Q

after first derived, cell name ends in

A

-blast

109
Q

after maturing and are less productive, cells name ends in

A

-cyte

110
Q

connective tissue has varying degrees of ____ and _____

A

vascularity ; innervation

111
Q

cartilage is

A

avascular

112
Q

bone is highly

A

vascularized

113
Q

cartilage does not have

A

nerves

114
Q

connective tissue cells are suspended in ____ ____

A

extracellular matrix

115
Q

ECM of connective tissue consists of ____ _____ and ____ produced by ___

A

ground substance ; fibers ; cells

116
Q

connective tissue proper contains the subclasses of

A

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

117
Q

loose connective tissue contains these 3 types :

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

118
Q

dense connective tissue contains these 3 types :

A

regular, irregular, elastic

119
Q

connective tissue proper contains these 4 cells:

A

fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, and adipocytes

120
Q

the four main functions of connective tissue proper is

A

binding tissue, resist tension, provide reservoir for water and salts, and energy storage

121
Q

cartilage contains 3 subclasses :

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

122
Q

cartilage contains these 2 cells :

A

chondroblasts ; chondrocytes

123
Q

cartilage has a matrix containing ___ ____ and ____

A

ground substance ; fibers

124
Q

connective tissue proper has a matrix containing ___ ___ and ___

A

ground substance ; fibers

125
Q

the two main functions of cartilage are to

A

resist compression and act as a cushion while supporting

126
Q

bone tissue has these 2 subclasses :

A

compact and spongy bone

127
Q

bone tissue contains these 2 cells :

A

osteoblasts ; osteocytes

128
Q

the matrix of bone tissue contains ____ ____ and ____

A

ground substance ; fibers

129
Q

cartilage is a type of ____ tissue

A

connective

130
Q

bone is a type of ____ tissue

A

connective

131
Q

blood is a type of ____ tissue

A

connective

132
Q

blood has these 3 types of cells

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

133
Q

the matrix of blood contains ___ but __ fibers

A

plasma ; no

134
Q

the main function of blood is to be a

A

fluid tissue and carry substances

135
Q

is an unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells

A

ground substance

136
Q

solutes can diffuse through the

A

ground substance

137
Q

ground substance contains

A

interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans

138
Q

there are __ main types of connective tissue fibers

A

3

139
Q

is the most abundant molecule type, is tough and able to resist pulling

A

collagen

140
Q

is the strongest fiber

A

collagen

141
Q

networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

A

elastic fibers

142
Q

short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers; that offer structural support and offer some “give”

A

reticular

143
Q

are the immature form of cell that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers

A

blast cells

144
Q

type of blast cell found in connective tissue proper

A

fibroblasts

145
Q

type of blast cell found in cartilage

A

chondroblasts

146
Q

type of blast cell found in bone

A

osteoblasts

147
Q

blast cells ___ the stuff

A

build

148
Q

mature, less active form of blast cell that becomes part and helps maintain the health of the matrix

A

cyte cells

149
Q

type of “housekeeping cell”

A

cyte cells

150
Q

type of cell found in the stroma that stores nutrients

A

fat cells

151
Q

type of cell found in the stroma that is a tissue response to injury

A

white blood cells

152
Q

type of cell found in the stroma that initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect

A

mast cells

153
Q

mast cells are considered the

A

first line of denfence

154
Q

type of cell found in the stroma that are phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune system

A

macrophages

155
Q

fibers are produced by

A

fibroblasts

156
Q

called white fibers are made of collagen proteins; resist pulling forces and form tight bundles

A

collagen fibers

157
Q

bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons have plenty of

A

collagen fibers

158
Q

yellow fibers made of elastin protein; provide elasticity

A

elastic fibers

159
Q

are seen in skin, wall of blood vessels, and lung tissue

A

elastic fibers

160
Q

are made of fine collagen fibers which form stroma that supports soft organs like spleen and lymph nodes

A

reticular fibers

161
Q

is the most widely distributed connective tissue

A

areolar connective tissue

162
Q

this tissues function is to wrap and cushion organs, phagocytize bacteria, play a role in inflammation, and hold/convey tissue fluid

A

areolar connective tissue

163
Q

areolar connective tissue is located in the

A

hypodermis

164
Q

the function of this tissue is to reserve food fuel, insulate, and support and protect organs

A

adipose connective tissue

165
Q

the cells in adipose tissue are called

A

adipocytes

166
Q

adipose tissue is ____ vascularized

A

highly

167
Q

this tissue is located under the skin, in-between muscles, around the heart and kidney, yellow bone marrow, and female breasts

A

adipose connective tissue

168
Q

the function of this tissue is to form an internal skeleton that supports other cell types

A

loose reticular connective tissue

169
Q

this tissue is located in the lymphoid oragans

A

loose reticular connective tissue

170
Q

the connective tissue provide support is called the

A

stroma

171
Q

the tissue that performs the specific function of the organ is called the

A

parenchyma

172
Q

the function of this tissue it to attach muscles to bones or to muscles; withstand tensile stress

A

dense regular connective tissue

173
Q

dense connective tissue is located

A

in tendons and ligaments

174
Q

dense regular connective tissue is mostly ___ and poorly _____

A

fibers; vascularized

175
Q

connects muscle to bones

A

tendon

176
Q

connects bone to bone

A

ligament

177
Q

the function of this tissue is to withstand tension from many directions and provide structural support

A

dense irregular connective tissue

178
Q

this type of dense connective tissue forms sheets rather than bundles

A

dense irregular connective tissue

179
Q

is located in fibrous capsules and dermis

A

dense irregular connective tissue

180
Q

the function of this tissue is to allow recoil and maintain blood flow

A

elastic connective tissue

181
Q

this tissue is located in the walls of large arteries

A

elastic connective tissue

182
Q

is a flexible but tough connective tissue formed by chondroblasts

A

cartilage tissue

183
Q

chondrocytes are not ___ and ____ tissue

A

innervated ; avascular

184
Q

because cartilage is avascular and not innervated the ___ capacity is ___

A

healing ; poor

185
Q

there are _ types of cartilage tissue

A

3

186
Q

is the most abundant cartilage tissue

A

hyaline cartilage

187
Q

the function of this cartilage is to support, reinforce, cushion, and resist compressive stress

A

hyaline cartilage

188
Q

is located at the ends of long bones, costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx

A

hyaline cartilage

189
Q

hyaline cartilage gives rise to

A

bones

190
Q

type of tissue that has plenty of elastic fibers and chondrocytes, seen in areas that show elasticity

A

elastic cartilage

191
Q

the function of this tissue is to maintain the shape of a structure while allowing flexibility

A

elastic cartilage

192
Q

in elastic cartilage the ___ of elastic creates more ____ and the ____ fibers make it ___

A

ratio ; bounce; criss cross; strong

193
Q

this tissue is located and supports the external ear

A

elastic cartilage

194
Q

has thick bundles of collagen fibers and chondrocytes and can resist high compressional forces

A

fibrocartilage

195
Q

the function of this tissue is tensile strength that allows it to absorb compressive shock

A

fibrocartilage

196
Q

is located in the intervertebral discs, knee-meniscus, and pubic symphysis

A

fibrocartilage

197
Q

hard and rigid tissue, makes up the bulk of the skeletal system

A

bone tissue

198
Q

type of bone tissue that has osteons

A

compact bone

199
Q

are the units of compact bone tissue

A

osteons

200
Q

bone tissue is highly ____ and is ____

A

vascular ; innervated

201
Q

bones heal relatively easy because of its high _____

A

vascularity

202
Q

type of bone tissue that has no osteons

A

spongy bone tissue

203
Q

interconnected network of thin columns of bone called

A

trabeculae

204
Q

is the site of blood cell production

A

red bone marrow

205
Q

highly specialized liquid connective tissue; has a liquid ECM called plasma

A

blood tissue

206
Q

type of tissue consisting of fibers that can shorten or contract and so they are critical components to provide motion, maintain posture, and product heat

A

muscular tissue

207
Q

type of tissue that is attached to and causes movement of bones

A

skeletal muscle tissue

208
Q

skeletal muscle is a ____ muscle

A

voluntary

209
Q

cells in skeletal muscle are called ___ ____

A

muscle fibers

210
Q

muscle fibers contain multiple ___ and appear ___

A

nuclei ; striated

211
Q

the function of this tissue is voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, voluntary control

A

skeletal muscle

212
Q

is located in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

A

skeletal muscle

213
Q

the function of this tissue is while it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control

A

cardiac muscle

214
Q

is located in the walls of the heart

A

cardiac muscle

215
Q

cardiac muscle is an ____ muscle

A

involuntary

216
Q

contains striations but only __ nucleous

A

one

217
Q

the cells in cardiac muscle have many ____

A

branches

218
Q

are special joints where cardiac cells are joined

A

intercalated discs

219
Q

function of this tissue is to propel substances or objects along internal passageways

A

smooth muscle

220
Q

smooth muscle is under _____ control

A

involuntary

221
Q

is located mostly in the walls of follow organs

A

smooth muscle

222
Q

smooth muscle has __ visible striations

A

no

223
Q

the cells in smooth muscle are ___ - shaped cells with __ nucleus

A

spindle ; one

224
Q

nervous tissue is composed of these two cells

A

neurons ; neurogila

225
Q

carry sensory or motor information and they can perform integrative functions

A

neurons

226
Q

protect and support neurons

A

neurogila

227
Q

___ and ____ are considered excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability

A

neurons ; muscle fibers

228
Q

is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals

A

electrical excitability

229
Q

a measure of potential energy generated by separated charge

A

voltage

230
Q

flow of electrical charge between two points; used to do work dependent on voltage and resistance

A

current

231
Q

hinderance to charge flow

A

resistance

232
Q

membrane ion channels are

A

selective

233
Q

type of channel that are always open, leaky

A

leakage nongated channels

234
Q

open in response to binding of the appropriate neurotransmitter

A

chemically gated ion channels

235
Q

open in response to changes in membrane potential

A

voltage gated ion channels

236
Q

type of membrane that lines the cavities of moveable joints

A

synovial membrane

237
Q

made of areolar and adipose connective tissue

A

synovial membrane

238
Q

synovial membrane secretes the ___ ___ that lubricates the moveable joinrs

A

synovial fluid

239
Q

type of membrane that lines body cavities that are open to the exterior

A

mucous membrane

240
Q

is a moist membrane bathed by secretions; can also secrete mucus

A

mucous membrane

241
Q

epithelial sheet lies over layer of loose connective tissue called

A

lamina propria

242
Q

type of moist membrane found in closed ventral body cavities, constructed from simple squamous epithelium resting on thin areolar connective tissue

A

serous membrane

243
Q

part of the serous membrane that lines the internal body cavity walls

A

parietal serosae

244
Q

part of the serous membrane that covers internal organs

A

visceral serosae

245
Q

membrane for the lungs

A

pleurae

246
Q

membrane for the heart

A

pericardium

247
Q

membrane for the abdomen

A

peritoneum

248
Q

another name for skin

A

cutaneous membrane

249
Q

is made of epidermis and dermis

A

cutaneous membrane

250
Q

same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, so original function is restorred

A

regeneration

251
Q

connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, and original function lost

A

repair

252
Q

epithelial cells are replaced by the division of __ cells or undifferentiated cells

A

stem

253
Q

there are 3 stages of tissue healing:

A

inflammation, proliferation, remodeling

254
Q

the first step; release of inflammatory chemicals and clotting of blood occurs

A

inflammation stage

255
Q

release of inflammatory chemicals cause :

A

dilation of blood vessels; increase in blood vessel permeability

256
Q

step two; where organization restores blood supply, clots are replaced with granulation tissue, regeneration begins, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers, and any debris is phagocytized

A

proliferation

257
Q

the blood clot is replaced with ____ ____

A

granulation tissue

258
Q

step three when regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair

A

remodeling

259
Q

tissues with moderate regenerating capacity:

A

smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue

260
Q

tissues with little to no functional regenerative capacity

A

cardiac muscle, nervous tissue, cartilage

BIO 2451 LECTURE (3 decks)

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