Chapter 5

Question 1

What are the four main classes of macromolecules?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates,
Proteins,
Lipids,
Nucleic Acids

Question 2

What are the components of the four main macromolucles?

Answer 2

Proteins - Amino Acids
Lipids - Fatty acids and Glycerol
Carbohydrates- Glucose
Nucleic acid- Nucleotides

Question 3

What is a polymer?
Monomer?
What is polymerization?

Answer 3

Polymer is a long chain of small similar repeating units connected in a chain by covalent bonding
Monomers- small building blocks of polymers.
Polymerization is the process of linking monomers to form a polymer.

Question 4

Is water consumed or expelled in polymerization?

What functional groups do bonds form between to give out water?

Answer 4

Water is created or expelled

Forms between a hydroxyl group and hydrogen molecule give out water.

Question 5

When a polymer is broken down is water consumed or expelled? What is this reaction called?

Answer 5

Water is consumed

hydrolysis

Question 6

General molecular formula for carbs

Answer 6

CH2O

Question 7

Three trademarks of sugar?

Answer 7

Carbonyl group
Multiple hydroxyl groups
-ose suffix= sugar

Question 8

Are Glucose and galactose Aldehydes or ketones?

What about fructose?

Answer 8

Glucose and galactose = Aldose

Fructose = ketone.

Question 9

What is the difference of aldehyde sugars and ketone sugars?

Answer 9

Aldehydes have functional group at the end of the carbon skeleton.
Ketoses have functional groups in the middle or along the carbon skeleton.

Question 10

Where is the location of the hydroxyl group(-OH) in relation of plane with ALPHA and BETA glucose?

Answer 10

Alpha the -OH is below the plane of ring

Beta he -OH is above the plane of ring

Question 11

What bond is made between polysaccarides?

Answer 11

Glycosidic Linkages

Question 12

What are Oligosaccharides? Why are they important and give two types.

Answer 12

Carb molecules with 3-10 monomers linked together.
Important components of cell membranes
Glycoproteins and glycolipids

Question 13

Give the two types of polysaccharides.
What are starch and glycogen- where are they stored?
What are cellulose and chitin- where are they found?

Answer 13

Energy and structural
Starch and glycogen are energy- starch in plants and glycogen in animals
Cellulose and chitin are structral polysacc- Found both in plants and fungi

Question 14

Are starch and glycogen alpha or beta?

What about cellulose and chitin?

Answer 14

starch and glycogen are alpha

cellulose and chitin are beta

Question 15

Why are lipids not considered marcomolecules or polymers?

Answer 15

Not large enough and no distinct monomers

Question 16

Name the three main types of lipid

Answer 16

Phosolipids
fats
steroids

Question 17

What are fats linked together by?

Answer 17

ester linkages

Question 18

What makes a fat

Answer 18

three fatty acids and a glycerol

Question 19

What does saturated and unsaturated fats mean?

Answer 19

Saturated means no c=c double bonds and all carbons are saturated with hydrogen bonds.
Unsaturated means there is a presence of a c=c bond

Question 20

what is hydrogenation?

Answer 20

The process of adding hydrogens to unsat fat to make sat fat

Question 21

Decribe the structure of phospholipids.

Answer 21

two fatty acids,

phosphate containing group

Question 22

What is the base steroid

Answer 22

cholesterol

Question 23

Each amino acid has the same core structure- what are the composits of it?

Answer 23

Carboxyl group
amino group
hydrogen atom
side (R) group

Question 24

what are the three classes of amino acid side group?

Answer 24

non-polar
polar
electrically charged - Acidic (-) and basic(+)

Question 25

What bond holds aminos together?

Answer 25

Peptide bond

Question 26

give the types of isomers

Answer 26

structural
cis trans
enantiomers

Question 27

name the nonpolar amino acids(9)

Answer 27

Glycine
alanine 
valine
 methionine
phenylalanine
tryptophan
leucine
isoleucine
proline

Question 28

name the polar amino acids

Answer 28

serine
threonine
tyrosine
asparagine
Cysteine
glutamine

Question 29

Name the acidic negative charged amino acids

name the basic postive charged amino acids

Answer 29

Aspartic acid
glutamic acid

lysine
arginine
histidine

Question 30

Peptide bond: what enzyme is it performed by?

what are the terminus called?

Answer 30

Ribosome

amino terminus and carboxyl terminus

Question 31

Describe the four structures of proteins

Answer 31

primary- the amino acid sequence. DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN. everything depnds on this level

Secondary-hydrogen bonding between the aa peptie backbone (alpha helix and beta sheet)

Tertiary- the shape the polypeptide takes based on R group interactions : H-bonding
ionic bonding
disulfide bridges
hydrophobic
van der waals

Quarternary - interaction of multiple polypeptides to from one functional protein

Question 32

what are the 2 major protein classifications?

Answer 32

Globular proteins

fibrous proteins

Question 33

give 6 protein functions

Answer 33

metabolic function
messaging function
transport function
structure function
movement or motor function
defense function

Question 34

What are the two types of nucleic acids?
what does DNA act as?
what does RNA act as?

Answer 34

DNA and RNA
DNA acts as the storage or vault of genetic information
RNA is the expression of genetic information

Question 35

What is the central dogma of molecular bio?

Answer 35

DNA TO RNA TO PROTEINS

Question 36

What are the three parts that make a nucleotide

Answer 36

a phosphate group,
a 5 carbon sugar (-H in DNA and -OH in RNA)
nitrogenous base made up of one or two ring structures.

Question 37

What are purines and pyrimidines out of A, G, C, T, U?

Answer 37

pyrimidines are T C U

purines are A and G

Question 38

How are nucleotides connected together?
by what bond?
what are the enzymes used called when nucleotides are polymerized?

Answer 38

the phosphate group connected to the 5’c of the sugar joins to anohter nucleotide at the 3’C of its sugar.
This is called a phosphodiester bond.
The enzymes used are called Polymerases.