Chapter 4BCD Eukaryotic +Apoptosis+ stem cells Flashcards

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1
Q

In single-celled eukaryotic cells

A

use mitosis to reproduce asexually

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2
Q

In multicellular eukaryotic cells

A

use mitosis for growth and repair

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3
Q

In a nucleus

A

are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.
-Made of chromatins, a long strand of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.

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4
Q

Interphase (G1, S, and G2)

A

-Volume of Cytosol increases (G1/2)
-Proteins synthesised for DNA replication (G1)
-DNA is replicated. (S)
-Proteins are synthesised to prepare for mitosis (G2)

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5
Q

In G1 Checkpoint

A

checks certain criteria to determine if it is ready to progress.
-Large enough
-Not Damaged
-Enough nutrients for mitosis
-Positive cues

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6
Q

In G2 Checkpoint

A

it checks if the cell is ready for mitosis.
-Proper replication in the S phase
-Enough recourses for mitosis

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7
Q

In M checkpoint

A

checks if all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle fibres.

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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8
Q

Telophase

A

The chromosomes decondense back into expanded chromatin. Nuclear membrane reforms around each nucleus.

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8
Q

Prophase

A

The chromatin condenses, and the centrioles are separate from each other, forming spindle fibres.
-The nuclear membrane then breaks down as the centrioles move toward the poles of the cell.
-Chromosomes move towards the equator of the cell

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8
Q

Metaphase

A

The chromosomes are lined along the equator of the cell, and the kinetochore at each chromosome’s centromere extends kinetochore fibres that attach to the spindle fibres.

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9
Q

Anaphase

A

The spindle fibres shorten, pulling the chromatids away, to the opposite poles of the cell.

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10
Q

Cytokinesis

A

A contractile ring forms and contracts the cell membrane, membrane vesicles then fuse it together, dividing the cell into 2.

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11
Q

Necrosis

A

uncontrolled cell death that is unexpected.
-Such as external injury or trauma

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12
Q

Internal environment

A

the fluid inside a cell in a multicellular organism, such as the red blood cells in our body.

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13
Q

Apoptosis

A

is programmed cell death, carried out by an ordered sequence of events.
-Allows for removal of cells without spilling contents into the internal environment.
-Failure of this process can lead to cancer

14
Q

Purpose of Apoptosis

A

If the cell is damaged or defective
Apoptosis sculpts the body during fetal development

15
Q

Extrinsic Apoptosis process

A

-FasL binds to a receptor protein (FasR), which three FasR bind in total.
-This new FasR shape attracts two FADD
-This new shape draws together Procaspase 8
-Procaspase cuts its tip to create Caspase 8
-Caspase 8 binds to Procaspase 3, it then cuts its tip creating Caspase 3
-Caspase 3 cuts the cell cytoskeleton, the framework that holds the cell in shape

15
Q

Extrinsic Apoptosis

A

involves a pathway from outside a cell that secretes a death ligand (FasL).

16
Q

Intrinsic Apoptosis (Mitochondrial Pathway)

A

begins in the mitochondria and initiates a sequence of events that destroy the cell.

17
Q

Intrinsic Apoptosis process

A

-Cytochrome C escape the mitochondria and bind to Apaf1
-Apaf1 then binds to Procaspase 9
-Procaspase 9 splits itself to create Caspase 9
-Caspase 9 binds to Procaspase 3
-Procaspase 3 splits itself to create Caspase 3, to cut the cell cytoskeleton

18
Q

Blebbing

A

Little bubbles, or blebs, that contain organelles, form around the cell
-Chromatin in the nucleus condenses
-After the cytoskeleton is cut, the Cell starts to shrink.

19
Q

Apoptotic Bodies (Disconnected blebs)

A

break away from the cell.
-The nucleus and chromatin start to fragment

20
Q

phagocytosis

A

-Lysosomes in the Phagocytes digest the contents of the cell engulfed.
-Cell content does not enter the environment but stays inside the blebs and is digested within a phagocyte.

21
Q

stem cell

A

undifferentiated cell that through mitosis turns into specialized cells

22
Q

differentiation

A

the specialization of a cell for a function in the body, through regulation of expression in genes

23
Q

totipotent

A

a cell has the potential the differentiate into either an embryonic stem cell (any in-body cell) or extraembryonic cell (outside of body)
-greatest potency

24
Q

pluripotent

A

a cell can differentiate into an embryonic stem cell (any in-body cell) (semi-potent)

25
Q

multipotent

A

can only differentiate into different related cell types (semi-sepcific)

25
Q

oligapotent

A

can only differentiate into a few closely related cell types (very-specific)

26
Q

unipotent

A

can only differentiate into one cell type (exact specific)

27
Q

ectoderm

A

only skin, nervous system cells

28
Q

mesoderm

A

only muscles, blood, bone, urogenital cells

29
Q

endoderm

A

only lungs and gastrointestinal cells

30
Q

TPMOU

A

Toti, Pluri, Multi, Oligo, Uni = The PP Makes Orange Urine