Chapter 2 Cells Flashcards
Cell theory
organisms are made of cells, the smallest and most basic unit of life, and come from pre-existing cells
Three-domain hierarchy
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Animalia, Plante, Fungi, Protista
Eukaryotic
Bacteria, and Archaea
Prokaryotic
Prokaryote
cells that lack a nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles.
-Smaller
-Contain a cell envelope, which has a cell wall and membrane.
-Cytoplasm, fluid inside the cell
-Ribosome, makes proteins
-Singular circular chromosome, known as nucleoid (No membrane around it)
-Flagella, a tail that propels it
-Pilli, spikes that stick out
-Plasmids, extrachromosomal loops
-Polysaccharide capsule, a carbohydrate
-Some bacteria are gram-negative and have a second lipid membrane outside the cell wall.
Coccus
ball-shaped
bacillus
rod-shaped
vibrio
banana-shaped
spirochaete
squiggly
Prokaryotes are arranged
-Diplo, pairs
-Staphylo, bunches
-Strepto, strings
Eukaryotes
cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
-More complex
-Many structures with different roles
Animal vs Plant cell
-Plant cells have a cell wall, animal cells don’t
-Plant cells have a large vacuole, animal cells don’t
-Plant cells have plasmodesmata, animal cells don’t
-Plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells don’t
-Animal cells have a centrosome, plant cells don’t
Animal cells have lysosomes, plant cells don’t
Nucleus
a large organelle that contains the genetic material of the cell.
-Surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
-Has coded instructions for building proteins
-Nucleolus, the dark area in a nucleus, is where ribosomes are made.
Ribosomes
are not membrane-bound organelles, they make proteins.
-60% made of rRNA, 40% made of protein.
-Read genetic code from mRNA to synthesize proteins.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
transports materials throughout the cytoplasm.
-It is a network of membranous channels.
-Dotted with ribosomes.
mitochondria
produces ATP, which is energy released for the cell.
-Surrounded by a double membrane.
-Contains its DNA on a circular chromosome, with ribosomes to make proteins.
-Produces ATP from cellular respiration, the breaking down of glucose.
lysosomes
contain digestive enzymes, that breakdown things in the cell
Golgi apparatus
modifies and packages proteins to export from the cell.
-Stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs.
centrioles
organises spindle fibres during mitosis and meiosis.
-2 Centrioles move apart to opposite sides of the cell.
-Found only in animal cells.
cilia/flagella
that form a whip, that propels a cell through fluid.
-Contain protein fibres to swim in a waving movement
chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis, the process of converting water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
-Large organelles bound by 2 layers of membrane.
-Within it are thylakoids, stacked in grana, between them is a fluid called stroma.
-Found only in plant cells.
large vacuoles
create turgor pressure, to give the plant structure.
-Also stores metabolic waste.
-Membrane-bound sac containing water and dissolved ions
cytoplasm
includes the cells between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane of a cell.
-Not organelles, just major parts of a cell.
cytosol
the fluid inside a cell
-Not organelles, just major parts of a cell.
