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Bio > Chapter 49: Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 49: Nervous Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Ganglia

A

Segmental,y arranged clusters of neurons

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1
Q

What kind of nervous systems to cnidarians have?

A

Nerve net

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2
Q

What kind of nervous system do Annelida have?

A

Ganglia

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3
Q

CNS in vertebrates

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS in vertebrates

A

Nerves and ganglia

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5
Q

During embryonic development, where does the central nervous system develop from?

A

Hollow dorsal nerve cord: gives rise to central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain, fill with cerebrospinal fluid

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6
Q

Gray matter

A

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, glia

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7
Q

White matter

A

Bundled axons with myelin sheaths: lies outside of spinal cord to link CNS with NS; primarily on inside of brain for neuron signaling and learning

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8
Q

Glia

A

Supporting cells in the nervous system

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9
Q

Astrocytes

A

Facilitate info transfer at synapses, increase blood flow to neurons

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10
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinate axons in CNS

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11
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelinate axons in PNS

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12
Q

Microglia

A

Immune cells that protect against pathogens

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13
Q

Motor system

A

Consists of neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles, voluntary or involuntary

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

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15
Q

Enteric division of autonomic nervous system

A

Active in digestive tract, pancreas, gall bladder, to regulate secretion and peristalsis

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16
Q

What brain areas control arousal and sleep?

A

Brainstem and cerebrum

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17
Q

Arousal and sleep are controlled by what?

A

Reticular formation: diffuse network of neurons in the core of the brainstem

18
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A

Determines which incoming information reaches the cerebrum

19
Q

Which centers cause sleep?

A

Pons and medulla

20
Q

Where is the center for arousal?

A

Midbrain

21
Q

What secretion peaks at night and controls the sleep cycles?

A

Melatonin

22
Q

What is the SCN?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus: neurons in the hypothalamus that coordinate circadian rhythms

23
Q

What is the pacemaker that synchronizes the biological clock?

A

Supcrachiasmatic nucleus

24
Q

What are some brain structures that control emotion?

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, parts of thalamus

25
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Structures that border the brainstem, controls emotion and motivation and olfaction, behavior, memory

26
Q

What role does the amygdala play in emotional memory storage?

A

Most important: located near base of cerebrum

27
Q

What are the three main areas of the brain?

A

Fore, mid, hind

28
Q

The mid and hind brain give rise to what?

A

Brainstem: joins with spinal cord

29
Q

The rest of the hindbrain gives rise to what?

A

Cerebellum, lies behind brainstem

30
Q

The forebrain develops into what?

A

Diencephalon, including neuroendocrine tissues of brain, telencephalon that becomes the cerebrum

31
Q

What is the cerebral cortex used for?

A

Perception, voluntary movement, learning

32
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Enables communication between right and left hemispheres

33
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Centers for planning and learning movement sequences: deep within white matter

34
Q

Cerebrum controls?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction, center for learning, emotion, memory, perception

35
Q

Cerebellum controls?

A

Movement, balance, learning, remembering motor skills

36
Q

Diencephalon controls?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

37
Q

Thalamus

A

Main input center for sensory info

38
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Body’s thermostats and biological clock, regulates hunger and thirst, role in sexual mating behavior, controls fight or flight

39
Q

Epithalamus

A

Includes pineal gland for melatonin

40
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

41
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Receives and integrates sensory info and sends it to specific regions of the brain

42
Q

Major function of pons and medulla?

A

Transfer info between PNS and midbrain and forebrain

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