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Bio > Chapter 40: Basic Princples of Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 40: Basic Princples of Animal Form and Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Physiology

A

Biological function

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Biological form

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2
Q

How are some animals evolved for speed on land or water?

A

Streamlined anatomy: fusiform shape, lack of hairs or bumps

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3
Q

How do physical laws limit the size of animals?

A

Maximum size based on size and weight of skeleton and muscles, depends on maximum force available

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4
Q

What should organisms’ body plans maximize for adequate exchange with environment?

A

Surface area of membranes to increase contact with aqueous solution

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5
Q

List some ways to increase aqueous solution to membrane ratio.

A 
Multicellular: increased surface area
Hollow bodies with both external and internal contact
Flat anatomy
Interstitial fluid
Circulatory fluid
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6
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid that fills the spaces between cells

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7
Q

Example of circulatory fluid?

A

Blood

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8
Q

Why are complex body plans advantageous?

A

External skeleton for protection, sensory organs for information, internal organs for gradual energy release, interstitial fluid to maintain stable environment in changing environment; especially applicable on land

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9
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function; organized into organs, organized into organ systems

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10
Q

True or false: many organs contain tissues with distinct physiological roles

A

True: ex: pancreas produces digestive enzymes, regulates blood sugar

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11
Q

Four types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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12
Q

Main components of digestive system

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, notes tines, liver, pancreas, anus

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13
Q

Main components of circulatory system

A

Hart, blood, vessels, blood

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14
Q

Main components of respiratory system

A

Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes

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15
Q

Main components of immune and lymphatic system

A

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells

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16
Q

Main components of excretory system

A

Kidneys, ureters. Urinary bladder, urethra

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17
Q

Main components of the endocrine system

A

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands

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18
Q

Main components of the reproductive system

A

Ovaries or testes, associated glands

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19
Q

Main components of the nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

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20
Q

Main components of the integumentary system

A

Skin and its derivates such as hair, claws, skin glands, etc

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21
Q

Main components of the skeletal system

A

Skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)

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22
Q

Main components of the muscular system

A

Skeletal muscles

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23
Q

Function of digestive system

A

Food processing, ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

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24
Q

Function of circulatory system

A

Internal distribution of materials

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25
Q

Function of respiratory system

A

Gas exchange: oxygen uptake, disposal of carbon dioxide

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26
Q

Function of immune and lymphatic system

A

Body defense: fighting infections and cancer

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27
Q

Function of excretory system

A

Disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood

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28
Q

Function of endocrine system

A

Coordination of body activities, such as digestion and metabolism

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29
Q

Function of reproductive system

A

Reproduction

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30
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Coordination of body activities: detection of stimuli and formation of responses to them

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31
Q

Function of integumentary system

A

Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation

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32
Q

Function of skeletal system

A

Body support, protection of internal organs, movement

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33
Q

Function of muscular system

A

Locomotion and other movement

34
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Sheets of cells that cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body

35
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, fluid loss; form active interfaces with environment

36
Q

What kind of junctions are often found in epithelial tissue?

A

Tight junctions: very closely packed

37
Q

What are the three shapes of epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

38
Q

What are the two types of epithelial organization?

A

Simple and stratified

39
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Dice shaped cells, specialized for secretion: kidney tubules, glands

40
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Large, brick shaped cells, secretion or absorption: intestines, digestive juice secretion, nutrient absorption

41
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of platelet like cells, exchange of material by diffusion: thin and leaky, lines blood vessels and lung air sacs

42
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Multilayered, regenerates rapidly, new cells form by division near basal lamina, commonly abraded surfaces; outer skin, linings of mouth, anus, vagina, etc

43
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of cells of varying height; in ciliates cells to form a mucous membrane: respiratory tract lining

44
Q

Explain epithelial polarity

A

Apical surface: faces lumen/cavity
Basal surface: attached to basal lamina: dense mat of extra cellular matrix that separates epithelium from underlying tissues

45
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Sparsely populated cells in an extra cellular matrix, holds tissues and organs in place; often a web of fibers in liquid/jellylike/solid foundation; matrix contains fibroblasts and macrophages

46
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Secrete fiber proteins

47
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf foreign particles and any cells debris by phagocytosis

48
Q

Three types of connective tissue

A

Collage nous, reticular, elastic

49
Q

Collagenous fibers of connective tissue

A

For strength and flexibility

50
Q

Reticular fibers of connective tissue

A

Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

51
Q

Elastic fibers of connective tissue

A

Make tissues elastic, ex: restores skin to original shape when stretched

52
Q

Connective tissue: loose

A

Most widespread, binds epithelial to underlying tissue and holds organs in place

53
Q

Connective tissue: fibrous

A

Dense with collagenous fibers: tendons (bone to muscle) and ligaments (bone to bone)

54
Q

Connective tissue: bone

A

Mineralized; osteoblasts (bone forming cells) deposit a collagen matrix where calcium/magnesium/phosphate ions form a hard mineral; repeating units called osteons

55
Q

Connective tissue: blood

A

Liquid extracellular matrix called plasma (water, salts dissolved proteins); contain erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (cell fragments)

56
Q

Connective tissue: adipose

A

Specialized loose connective: stores fat in adipose cells in its matrix

57
Q

Connective tissue: cartilage

A

Collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carb complex called chondroitin sulfate; chondrocytes secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate

58
Q

Basal lamina

A

Dense mat of extra cellular matrix that separates epithelium from underlying tissue

59
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells

60
Q

Osteons

A

Repeating units of bone: concentric mineralized matrix layers around a central canal containing nerves and blood vessels

61
Q

Erythrocytes vs leukocytes

A

Red vs white blood cells

62
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate to make cartilage

63
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Rubbery protein-carb complex that forms cartilage

64
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Tissue responsible for body movement: filaments containing actin and myosin proteins to contract muscles

65
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

66
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to bones by tendons: striated: bundles of long cells called muscle fibers; fusion of many cells results in multiple nuclei; sarcomeres arranged in striated appearance

67
Q

Sarcomeres

A

Contractile units of muscle tissue

68
Q

Smooth muscle

A

In striated, digestive tract, urinary bladders, arteries, internal organs: spindle-shaped; involuntary body activities

69
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Forms contractile heart wall; striated; fibers connect via intercalated disks to relay signals between cells and synchronize contraction

70
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Functions in receipt, processing, transmission of info; contains neurons and glia

71
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses

72
Q

Glial cells

A

Support cells in the nervous system; help insulate, nourish, and replenish neurons, occasionally modulate neuron function

73
Q

Name two systems that help control and coordinate response to stimuli by signaling.

A

Endocrine (reach all areas with hormones) and nervous (reach specific areas with nerve impulses)

74
Q

Hormones

A

Signaling molecules distributed by endocrine system: relatively slow acting, but long lasting; can reach specific areas or large areas based on which areas have the correct receptors

75
Q

Nerve impulses

A

Transmit signals from nervous system; travels to specific target cells along axons: can be received by other neurons,muscle cells, endocrine cells, exocrine cells; relays info by pathway

76
Q

What does it mean to be a regulator?

A

Animal uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuations

77
Q

What does it mean to be a conformer?

A

Animal allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes for a particular variable

78
Q

Explain the mechanism of homeostasis.

A

Sensors detect variations from a set point and stimuli trigger a response to return the system back to equilibrium

79
Q

Negative feedback

A

Control mechanism that reduces the stimulus: ex sweating when hot

80
Q

Positive feedback

A

Control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus: ex contractions during childbirth

81
Q

What set pattern purposefully disobeys homeostasis?

A

Circadian rhythms: regulated cycle changes that occur roughly every 24 hours

82
Q

How can the range of homeostasis change?

A

During acclimatization: gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in the external environment

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