Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition (875-890) Flashcards
0
Q
Essential nutrients
A
Materials that an animal’s cells cannot synthesize
1
Q
What three nutritional needs must an adequate diet satisfy?
A
Chemical energy for ell ulnar processes, organic building blocks for macromolecules, and essential nutrients
2
Q
What are the four classes of essential nutrients?
A
Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals
3
Q
What are some examples of complete proteins?
A
Meat, eggs, cheese
4
Q
Which are the fat soluble vitamins?
A
A, D, E, K
5
Q
B1 thiamine
A
Coenzyme n removing carbon dioxide from organic cmpounds
6
Q
B2 riboflavin
A
Component of coenzymes FAD and FMN
7
Q
B3 niacin
A
Component of coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+
8
Q
B5 pantothenic acid
A
Compnent of coenzyme A
9
Q
B6 pyridoxine
A
Coenzyme used in amino acid metabolism
10
Q
B7 biotin
A
Coenzyme in synthesis of fat, glycogen, and amino aids
11
Q
B9 folic aid
A
Coenzyme in nucleus acid and amino acid metabolism
12
Q
B12 cobalamin
A
Production of nucleic acids and red blood cells
13
Q
C ascorbic acid
A
Used in collagen synthesis, antioxidant
14
Q
A retinol
A
Component of visual pigments, maintenance of epithelial tissues
15
Q
D
A
Aids in absorption and use of calcium and phosphorous
16
Q
E tocopherol
A
Antioxidant, helps prevent damage to cell membranes
17
Q
K phylloquinone
A
Important in blood clotting
18
Q
Calcium
A
Bone, tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve and muscle function
19
Q
Phosphorous
A
Ben and tooth formation, acid base balances nucleotide synthesis
20
Q
Sulfur
A
Component of certain amino acids
21
Q
Potassium
A
Acid base balance, water balance, nerve function
22
Q
Chlorine
A
Acid base balance, formation of gastric juice, nerve function, osmotic balance
23
Q
Sodium
A
Acid base balance, water balance, nerve function
24
Magnesium
Enzyme cofactors, ATP bioenergetics
25
Iron
Component of hemoglobin and electron carriers, enzyme cofactor
26
Fluorine
Maintenance of tooth structure
27
Iodine
Component of thyroid hormones
28
Four stages of food processing
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
29
Intracellular digestion
Hydrolysis of food inside vacuoles
30
Five main types of feeders
Filter, suspension, fluid, bulk, substrate
31
Extracellular digestion
Breakdown of food in compartments that a continuous with the outside of the animal's body
32
Gastrovascular cavity
Digestive pouch with single opening, material travels both ways; hydras and cnidarians and flatworms
33
Alimentary canal
Complete digestive tract, material moves in single direction
34
Amylase
Enzyme secreted by salivary glands in mouth to start chemical digestion of carbohydrates
35
Four main accessory digestive glands
Three salivary gland pairs, liver, pancreas, gall bladder
36
Esophagus vs trachea
To stomach vs to lungs
37
Esophagus contains which kinds of muscles?
Striated and smooth
38
What fills the stomach?
Gastric juice
39
Chyme
Mixture of ingested food and digestive juice n stomach
40
Protease
Protein digesting enzyme in gastric juice
41
Pepsin
A protease, works best in acidic environment, cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides
42
Pepsinogen
Inactive form of pepsin; converted to active pepsin by HCl
43
Where is gastric juice produced?
In stomach's gastric glands
44
Parietal cells
In stomach, secrete hydrogen and chloride ions to make HCl that converts pepsin open to pepsin
45
Where do HCl and pepsin form?
In the omen of the stomach, not within the cells of the gastric glandsa
46
How is pepsin an example of positive feedback?
After HCl makes pepsin from pepsin open, pepsin also clips pepsinogen into pepsin as well
47
How are carbohydrates digested?
Oral cavity/pharynx/esophagus: SALIVARY AMYLASE splits polysaccharides into smaller polysaccharides and maltose; Small intestine from pancreas: PANCREATIC AMYLASE splits smaller polysaccharides into disaccharides; Small intestine from epithelium: uses the pancreatic enzymes to keep digesting disaccharides int monosaccharides
48
How are proteins digested?
Stomach: PEPSIN in stomach converts proteins into small polypeptides; Small intestine from pancreas: PANCREATIC TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN convert small polypeptides into smaller polypeptides, PANCREATIC CARBOXYPEPTIDASE converts them into small peptides; Small intestine from epithelium: DIPEPTIDASES, CARBOXYPEPTIDASE, AND AMINOPEPTIDASE split amino acids off one at a time working from opposite ends
49
How are nucleic acids digested?
Small intestine from pancreas: PANCREATIC NUCLEASES break DNA and RNA into nucleotides; Small intestine from epithelium: NUCLEOTIDASES Break nucleotides into nucleosides, NUCLEOTIDASES AND PHOSPHATASES break nucleosides into nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates
50
How are fats digested?
Small intestine from pancreas: PANCREATIC LIPASE breaks bile salt-covered fat droplets into glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides
51
Most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules occurs where?
Small intestine
52
What are the first 25 cm of the small intestine called?
Duodenum: chyme mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gall bladder, glands from intestinal wall
53
Pancreas
Aids chemical digestion by producing alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate and enzymes
54
What is the function of the bicarbonate in the pancreas's alkaline solution?
Neutralizes the chyme's acidity, acts as a buffer
55
Name two pancreatic enzymes
Trypsin and chemotrypsin
56
When are the inactivated forms of trypsin and chemo trypsin activated?
Once in the lumen of the duodenum
57
What is bile?
Mixture of substances made in liver: contains bile salts that emulsify and aid in digestion and absorption of lipids; stored in gall bladder
58
Where are the enzymes of the small intestine itself from?
The epithelial lining of the duodenum
59
What are the three sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
60
What do the jejunum and the ileum do?
Absorption of nutrients and water
61
Villi
Finger-like projections on the folds on the small intestine
62
What is on the surface of villi?
Microvilli: exposed to intestinal lumen
63
Hepatic portal vein
Blood vessel that leads directly to the liver, to heart, then t other tissues and organs
64
Where do the capillaries and veins that carry nutrient rich blood converge to?
The hepatic portal vein
65
What does the hepatic portal vein allow for?
Allows for liver to regulate nutrient disk button to rest of body; allows for liver to remove toxic substances before blood circulates broadly
66
What path do fats take in the small intestine?
Hydrolyzed by lipase in small intestine into fatty acids and monoglycerides, absorbed into epithelial cells, recombined into triglycerides, coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, to form chylomicrons
67
Chylomicrons
Water soluble globules of recombined triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins
68
Where d chylomicrons go first?
Lacteals: vessels at core of each villus, part of verb rate lymphatic system: then go to lymphatic vessels and int blood that returns to the heart
69
With what structure does the alimentary canal end?
Large intestine
70
What does the large intestine include?
Colon, cecum, rectum
71
How does the small intestine connect to the large intestine?
At a t-shaped junction that splits into the colon and the cecum
72
Colon
Leads to rectum and anus
73
Cecum
Important for fermenting ingested material, especially plant material
74
Major function of the colon
To recover water
75
What is contained in feces?
Bacteria, in digested material
76
Rectum
Terminal portion of large intestine: stores feces until elimination
77
What are some evolutionary adaptations of the vertebrate digestive system that correlate with diet?
Dental (incisors and canines for carnivores, more molars for herbivores, omnivore variety); Stomach and Intestinal (larger cecum for herbivores like koalas, large expandable stomachs for carnivores); Mutualistic (bacterial microorganisms that produce enzymes for digesting certain compounds such as cellulose)
