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Bio > Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition (875-890) > Flashcards

Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition (875-890) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Essential nutrients

A

Materials that an animal’s cells cannot synthesize

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1
Q

What three nutritional needs must an adequate diet satisfy?

A

Chemical energy for ell ulnar processes, organic building blocks for macromolecules, and essential nutrients

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2
Q

What are the four classes of essential nutrients?

A

Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals

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3
Q

What are some examples of complete proteins?

A

Meat, eggs, cheese

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4
Q

Which are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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5
Q

B1 thiamine

A

Coenzyme n removing carbon dioxide from organic cmpounds

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6
Q

B2 riboflavin

A

Component of coenzymes FAD and FMN

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7
Q

B3 niacin

A

Component of coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+

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8
Q

B5 pantothenic acid

A

Compnent of coenzyme A

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9
Q

B6 pyridoxine

A

Coenzyme used in amino acid metabolism

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10
Q

B7 biotin

A

Coenzyme in synthesis of fat, glycogen, and amino aids

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11
Q

B9 folic aid

A

Coenzyme in nucleus acid and amino acid metabolism

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12
Q

B12 cobalamin

A

Production of nucleic acids and red blood cells

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13
Q

C ascorbic acid

A

Used in collagen synthesis, antioxidant

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14
Q

A retinol

A

Component of visual pigments, maintenance of epithelial tissues

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15
Q

D

A

Aids in absorption and use of calcium and phosphorous

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16
Q

E tocopherol

A

Antioxidant, helps prevent damage to cell membranes

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17
Q

K phylloquinone

A

Important in blood clotting

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18
Q

Calcium

A

Bone, tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve and muscle function

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19
Q

Phosphorous

A

Ben and tooth formation, acid base balances nucleotide synthesis

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20
Q

Sulfur

A

Component of certain amino acids

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21
Q

Potassium

A

Acid base balance, water balance, nerve function

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22
Q

Chlorine

A

Acid base balance, formation of gastric juice, nerve function, osmotic balance

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23
Q

Sodium

A

Acid base balance, water balance, nerve function

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24
Q

Magnesium

A

Enzyme cofactors, ATP bioenergetics

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25
Q

Iron

A

Component of hemoglobin and electron carriers, enzyme cofactor

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26
Q

Fluorine

A

Maintenance of tooth structure

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27
Q

Iodine

A

Component of thyroid hormones

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28
Q

Four stages of food processing

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

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29
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

Hydrolysis of food inside vacuoles

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30
Q

Five main types of feeders

A

Filter, suspension, fluid, bulk, substrate

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31
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Breakdown of food in compartments that a continuous with the outside of the animal’s body

32
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

Digestive pouch with single opening, material travels both ways; hydras and cnidarians and flatworms

33
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Complete digestive tract, material moves in single direction

34
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme secreted by salivary glands in mouth to start chemical digestion of carbohydrates

35
Q

Four main accessory digestive glands

A

Three salivary gland pairs, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

36
Q

Esophagus vs trachea

A

To stomach vs to lungs

37
Q

Esophagus contains which kinds of muscles?

A

Striated and smooth

38
Q

What fills the stomach?

A

Gastric juice

39
Q

Chyme

A

Mixture of ingested food and digestive juice n stomach

40
Q

Protease

A

Protein digesting enzyme in gastric juice

41
Q

Pepsin

A

A protease, works best in acidic environment, cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides

42
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive form of pepsin; converted to active pepsin by HCl

43
Q

Where is gastric juice produced?

A

In stomach’s gastric glands

44
Q

Parietal cells

A

In stomach, secrete hydrogen and chloride ions to make HCl that converts pepsin open to pepsin

45
Q

Where do HCl and pepsin form?

A

In the omen of the stomach, not within the cells of the gastric glandsa

46
Q

How is pepsin an example of positive feedback?

A

After HCl makes pepsin from pepsin open, pepsin also clips pepsinogen into pepsin as well

47
Q

How are carbohydrates digested?

A

Oral cavity/pharynx/esophagus: SALIVARY AMYLASE splits polysaccharides into smaller polysaccharides and maltose; Small intestine from pancreas: PANCREATIC AMYLASE splits smaller polysaccharides into disaccharides; Small intestine from epithelium: uses the pancreatic enzymes to keep digesting disaccharides int monosaccharides

48
Q

How are proteins digested?

A

Stomach: PEPSIN in stomach converts proteins into small polypeptides; Small intestine from pancreas: PANCREATIC TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN convert small polypeptides into smaller polypeptides, PANCREATIC CARBOXYPEPTIDASE converts them into small peptides; Small intestine from epithelium: DIPEPTIDASES, CARBOXYPEPTIDASE, AND AMINOPEPTIDASE split amino acids off one at a time working from opposite ends

49
Q

How are nucleic acids digested?

A

Small intestine from pancreas: PANCREATIC NUCLEASES break DNA and RNA into nucleotides; Small intestine from epithelium: NUCLEOTIDASES Break nucleotides into nucleosides, NUCLEOTIDASES AND PHOSPHATASES break nucleosides into nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates

50
Q

How are fats digested?

A

Small intestine from pancreas: PANCREATIC LIPASE breaks bile salt-covered fat droplets into glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides

51
Q

Most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules occurs where?

A

Small intestine

52
Q

What are the first 25 cm of the small intestine called?

A

Duodenum: chyme mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gall bladder, glands from intestinal wall

53
Q

Pancreas

A

Aids chemical digestion by producing alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate and enzymes

54
Q

What is the function of the bicarbonate in the pancreas’s alkaline solution?

A

Neutralizes the chyme’s acidity, acts as a buffer

55
Q

Name two pancreatic enzymes

A

Trypsin and chemotrypsin

56
Q

When are the inactivated forms of trypsin and chemo trypsin activated?

A

Once in the lumen of the duodenum

57
Q

What is bile?

A

Mixture of substances made in liver: contains bile salts that emulsify and aid in digestion and absorption of lipids; stored in gall bladder

58
Q

Where are the enzymes of the small intestine itself from?

A

The epithelial lining of the duodenum

59
Q

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

60
Q

What do the jejunum and the ileum do?

A

Absorption of nutrients and water

61
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like projections on the folds on the small intestine

62
Q

What is on the surface of villi?

A

Microvilli: exposed to intestinal lumen

63
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Blood vessel that leads directly to the liver, to heart, then t other tissues and organs

64
Q

Where do the capillaries and veins that carry nutrient rich blood converge to?

A

The hepatic portal vein

65
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein allow for?

A

Allows for liver to regulate nutrient disk button to rest of body; allows for liver to remove toxic substances before blood circulates broadly

66
Q

What path do fats take in the small intestine?

A

Hydrolyzed by lipase in small intestine into fatty acids and monoglycerides, absorbed into epithelial cells, recombined into triglycerides, coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, to form chylomicrons

67
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Water soluble globules of recombined triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins

68
Q

Where d chylomicrons go first?

A

Lacteals: vessels at core of each villus, part of verb rate lymphatic system: then go to lymphatic vessels and int blood that returns to the heart

69
Q

With what structure does the alimentary canal end?

A

Large intestine

70
Q

What does the large intestine include?

A

Colon, cecum, rectum

71
Q

How does the small intestine connect to the large intestine?

A

At a t-shaped junction that splits into the colon and the cecum

72
Q

Colon

A

Leads to rectum and anus

73
Q

Cecum

A

Important for fermenting ingested material, especially plant material

74
Q

Major function of the colon

A

To recover water

75
Q

What is contained in feces?

A

Bacteria, in digested material

76
Q

Rectum

A

Terminal portion of large intestine: stores feces until elimination

77
Q

What are some evolutionary adaptations of the vertebrate digestive system that correlate with diet?

A

Dental (incisors and canines for carnivores, more molars for herbivores, omnivore variety); Stomach and Intestinal (larger cecum for herbivores like koalas, large expandable stomachs for carnivores); Mutualistic (bacterial microorganisms that produce enzymes for digesting certain compounds such as cellulose)

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