Chapter 45: Nutrition Flashcards
Define basal metabolic rate
the energy needed at rest to maintain life sustaining activities (breathing, heart rate, temp) for a specific amount of time. Age, body mass, sex, fever, starvation, mensuration, illness/injury affect BMR
What is REE?
Resting energy expenditure. Your resting metabolic rate.
What are kilocalories?
kcal are calories. If you eat more than you burn you gain weight. Eat the amount you burn stay the same. Less lose weight.
What are carbohydrates composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Each carb produces 4kcal/g. Main source of fuel.
What are monosaccharides?
Classification of carb. Ex: glucose, fructose. Do not break down further. Simple carb, found primarily in sugars.
What are disaccharides?
2 monosaccharides and water. Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose. Simple carb, found primarily in sugars.
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbs. Usually insoluble in water and are digested in varying degrees. Ex: starches, glycogen, fiber
Soluble vs insoluble fiber
Soluble dissolve in water (barley, cereal grains, cornmeal, oats). Insoluble (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin)
How much energy are in proteins?
4 kcal/g. Building block of everything. Maintains nitrogen balance.
What is an amino acid?
The simplest form of protein. Made of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. Indispensable amino acids are not made in the body and must be eaten. Dispensable amino acids are made in the body.
What does Albumin and Insulin have in common?
They are both simple proteins because they only contain a few amino acids and their derivatives.
What happens when you combine a simple protein with a nonprotein substance?
Produces a complex protein such as a lipoprotein (lipid and simple protein)
What is a complete protein?
Also called “high-quality protein) it contains all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity to support growth and maintain nitrogen balance. Mostly from animal sources. Soy is also complete proteins. Complementary proteins are when two incomplete proteins together make up complete proteins.
Why is nitrogen important in nutrition?
Nitrogen is a biproduct of protein catabolism (breakdown into smaller forms). A positive nitrogen balance is necessary for healing and maintenance of health/strength. Increased nitrogen loss means significant tissue destruction or loss of nitrogen containing body fluids.
How much energy do fats (lipids) have?
9kcal/g.
What is a triglyceride?
Circulate the blood and are composed of THREE fatty acids attached to glycerol.
What is a fatty acid? What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?
Carbon/hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end of chain and a methyl group on the other. Saturated (animal fat): Each carbon in the chain has two attached hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated (vegetable fat): unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached so the carbon atoms double bond with each other (monounsaturated: one double bond, polyunsaturated: two or mor carbon bonds)
What is the only essential fatty acid in humans?
Linoleic acid (an unsaturated fatty acid)
What are vitamins?
Chemicals that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. Too much can be toxic. Antioxidants neutralized free radicals (things that produce oxidative damage to cells/tissues)
Name fat soluble vitamins
A, D E, K. Stored in body fat. Body can store these vitamins better than water soluble. Toxicity is possible with large doses.
Define hypervitaminosis
Toxicity of fat-soluble vitamins from megadoses of supplemental vitamins.
Name water soluble vitamins
C, B complexes (8 vitamin total). Needed in daily food intake b/c our body doesn’t store them. Toxicity can still occur
What are minerals used for in our diet
Catalysts in biochemical reactions. Microminerals when daily requirement is 100mg or more. Trace elements when 100mg or less.
What do macrominerals do
Balance PH of body.
Why are trace minerals weird
They interact with each other. When one is in excess it may causes deficiency of another. Ex: nickel, tin, arsenic, aluminum, boron.
Anabolism vs. Catabolism
Ana: building of complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients. Occurs when adding lean muscle. Helps with positive nitrogen balance so that regular metabolism and anabolism are physiologically possible.
Cata: Breakdown of biochemical substances into simpler substances. Occurs when body is in negative nitrogen balance. Ex: starvation.
What are ketones?
All body cells (except neurons and RBCs) oxidize fatty acids into ketones for energy when glucose isn’t available.
Why does our body turn glucose into glycogen?
To store in the liver and muscle tissue for when we sleep. Breaks it down (glycogenolysis) into glucose, carbon dioxide, and water when body needs energy.
What is a DRI?
Dietary reference intake. Evidence based data for an acceptable amount of vitamins and nutrient for each sex/age group.
What is EAR
The estimated average requirement (EAR) is the recommended amount of nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain body function.
What is RDA
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) represents the average needs of 98% f the population.
What is UL
The highest level that likely poses no risk of adverse health events.
What is pinocytosis
Engulfing of large molecules f nutrients by the absorbing cells. Happens when molecule attaches to the absorbing cell’s membrane.
Define anthropometry
Height/weight for baseline. Get new H/W everytime you see pt to detemrine pt’s IBW (ideal bodyweight)
How do you calculate BMI?
divide pt weight in kg by heigh tin meters squared. Overweight 25-30. Obese if over 30.
