Chapter 45: Nutrition Flashcards
Define basal metabolic rate
the energy needed at rest to maintain life sustaining activities (breathing, heart rate, temp) for a specific amount of time. Age, body mass, sex, fever, starvation, mensuration, illness/injury affect BMR
What is REE?
Resting energy expenditure. Your resting metabolic rate.
What are kilocalories?
kcal are calories. If you eat more than you burn you gain weight. Eat the amount you burn stay the same. Less lose weight.
What are carbohydrates composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Each carb produces 4kcal/g. Main source of fuel.
What are monosaccharides?
Classification of carb. Ex: glucose, fructose. Do not break down further. Simple carb, found primarily in sugars.
What are disaccharides?
2 monosaccharides and water. Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose. Simple carb, found primarily in sugars.
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbs. Usually insoluble in water and are digested in varying degrees. Ex: starches, glycogen, fiber
Soluble vs insoluble fiber
Soluble dissolve in water (barley, cereal grains, cornmeal, oats). Insoluble (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin)
How much energy are in proteins?
4 kcal/g. Building block of everything. Maintains nitrogen balance.
What is an amino acid?
The simplest form of protein. Made of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. Indispensable amino acids are not made in the body and must be eaten. Dispensable amino acids are made in the body.
What does Albumin and Insulin have in common?
They are both simple proteins because they only contain a few amino acids and their derivatives.
What happens when you combine a simple protein with a nonprotein substance?
Produces a complex protein such as a lipoprotein (lipid and simple protein)
What is a complete protein?
Also called “high-quality protein) it contains all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity to support growth and maintain nitrogen balance. Mostly from animal sources. Soy is also complete proteins. Complementary proteins are when two incomplete proteins together make up complete proteins.
Why is nitrogen important in nutrition?
Nitrogen is a biproduct of protein catabolism (breakdown into smaller forms). A positive nitrogen balance is necessary for healing and maintenance of health/strength. Increased nitrogen loss means significant tissue destruction or loss of nitrogen containing body fluids.
How much energy do fats (lipids) have?
9kcal/g.
What is a triglyceride?
Circulate the blood and are composed of THREE fatty acids attached to glycerol.
What is a fatty acid? What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?
Carbon/hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end of chain and a methyl group on the other. Saturated (animal fat): Each carbon in the chain has two attached hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated (vegetable fat): unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached so the carbon atoms double bond with each other (monounsaturated: one double bond, polyunsaturated: two or mor carbon bonds)
What is the only essential fatty acid in humans?
Linoleic acid (an unsaturated fatty acid)
What are vitamins?
Chemicals that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. Too much can be toxic. Antioxidants neutralized free radicals (things that produce oxidative damage to cells/tissues)
Name fat soluble vitamins
A, D E, K. Stored in body fat. Body can store these vitamins better than water soluble. Toxicity is possible with large doses.
Define hypervitaminosis
Toxicity of fat-soluble vitamins from megadoses of supplemental vitamins.
Name water soluble vitamins
C, B complexes (8 vitamin total). Needed in daily food intake b/c our body doesn’t store them. Toxicity can still occur
What are minerals used for in our diet
Catalysts in biochemical reactions. Microminerals when daily requirement is 100mg or more. Trace elements when 100mg or less.
What do macrominerals do
Balance PH of body.
