Chapter 45 and 46 - Reproductive Hormones and the Endocrine System/Animal Reproduction

Question 1

what are the 2 main strategies organisms use to reproduce?

Answer 1

1.) asexual
2.) sexual

Question 2

asexual reproduction

Answer 2

no gamete fusion needed (egg and sperm not needed), “reproduces” via mitosis

Question 3

fission

Answer 3

splitting yourself in half via mitosis

(ex: amoeba)

Question 4

budding

Answer 4

outgrowth

(ex: hydras bud out, like a plant growing another leaf)

Question 5

parthenogenesis

Answer 5

reproduction but without fertilization (there are eggs but no sperm)

Question 6

fragmentation

Answer 6

regrowing after being “cut up”

(ex: starfish)

Question 7

sexual reproduction

Answer 7

fusion of gametes (egg and sperm needed) via meiosis

Question 8

external fertilization

Answer 8

(ex: salmons use external fertilization, female lays eggs, males come fertilize them)

Question 9

internal fertilization

Answer 9

im not explaining this one :D

Question 10

hermaphroditic

Answer 10

the individual has both male and female reproductive systems

(ex: nudibranch)

Question 11

gonads

Answer 11

sperm/egg producing organs

male = testes
female = ovaries

Question 12

what ploidy are pre-sperm cells?

Answer 12

diploid (2n)

Question 13

what ploidy are sperm cells?

Answer 13

haploid (n)

Question 14

how many sperm cells can come from 1 pre-sperm cell?

Answer 14

1 pre-sperm cell (2n) = 4 sperm cells (n)

Question 15

follicle

Answer 15

a small fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains one immature egg

born with less than a million follicles (fixed #) but only 100s are used

one follicle gets chosen and lets out an egg every month

Question 16

oocyte

Answer 16

egg cell

Question 17

where are follicles located?

Answer 17

in the ovaries

Question 18

what controls the female reproductive cycle?

Answer 18

hormones

Question 19

ovarian cycle

Answer 19

controls growth/release of egg, controls ovulation

part of the menstrual cycle

Question 20

where does the ovarian cycle occur?

Answer 20

ovaries

Question 21

ovulation

Answer 21

growth and release of egg

Question 22

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 22

stimulates the follicle to grow

Question 23

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 23

its peak triggers ovulation

Question 24

menstrual cycle

Answer 24

prepares uterus for embryo implantation

Question 25

where does the menstrual cycle occur?

Answer 25

uterus

Question 26

what are the hormones in the menstrual cycle? what do they do?

Answer 26

estrogen and progesterone

they regulate the menstrual cycle, thicken the lining (endometrium) of the uterus to prepare for pregnancy

Question 27

what does birth control do?

Answer 27

progesterone hormone: (+)
esterogen hormone: (–)

fools the body into thinking its pregnant, stops/reduces ovulation, thickens cervical mucus to keep sperm from entering the uterus, and thinning the lining of the uterus so that a fertilized egg is less likely to attach

Question 28

describe the process of the female reproductive cycle?

Answer 28

1.) hypothalamus is stimulated by high levels of estrogen, then inhibited by a combination of estrogen and progesterone

2.) hypothalamus releases hormones to the anterior pituitary gland

3.) anterior pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) into the bloodstream

4.) FSH and LH starts the ovarian cycle

growing follicle => mature follicle => ovulation => corpus luteum (remaining bits of the follicle) => degenerating corpus luteum

5.) growing follicle secretes estrogen, remaining bits of the follicle secretes progesterone and estrogen

6.) levels of ovarian hormones in the blood

(–) estrogen and progesterone => triggers menstruation

(+) estrogen peak causes LH to (+)

(+) estrogen and progesterone => promotes thickening of endometrium

Question 29

endometrium

Answer 29

mucous membrane lining the uterus

Question 30

“fast block”

Answer 30

caused by membrane depolarization when the sperm binds

Question 31

acrosomal enzymes

Answer 31

enzymes secreted by the sperm that digest the jelly coat surrounding the egg

Question 32

“slow block”

Answer 32

involves calcium signaling to cause fertilization envelope lift-off

Question 33

describe the process of a sperm fertilizing an egg?

Answer 33

1.) sperm squeezes through cells left over from follicle

2.) sperm’s acrosomal enzymes digest the jelly coat surrounding the egg

3.) plasma membranes of the sperm and egg fuse

4.) sperm nucleus enters the egg cytoplasm

5.) sperm and egg chromosomes intermingle

Question 34

true or false: development involves repeated cell division and cell migration

Answer 34

true

Question 35

what are the stages of development? describe them

Answer 35

1.) fertilization = sperm fertilizes egg

egg => zygote

2.) cleavage = 1 cell becomes many cells via mitosis

zygote => blastocyst

3.) gastrulation = cells migrate/fold inwards, creating tissue layers

blastocyst => gastrula

4.) organ formation = organs take shape

Question 36

identical twins (monozygotic)

Answer 36

when 2 cells split and develop independently

product of a single fertilization

Question 37

non-identical twins (dizygotic)

Answer 37

when 2 separate eggs are released and 2 separate sperm fertilize the eggs

Question 38

how does the embryo implant into the uterine wall? describe the process

Answer 38

1.) ovulation releases secondary oocyte

2.) sperm fertilizes ovum, forming a zygote

3.) cleavage of embryo starts

4.) embryo develops into a blastocyst

5.) blastocyst implants in the endometrium

Question 39

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 39

embryo does not travel to the uterus

Question 40

true or false: life support system is established in the 1st month

Answer 40

true

Question 41

allantois

Answer 41

part of the umbilical cord

Question 42

placenta

Answer 42

an organ that allows fetal-mother exchange, provides nourishment and oxygen, and releases waste

Question 43

what is in vitro fertilization (IVF)? describe how it works

Answer 43

external fertilization, manual

collected sperm and egg => in vitro fertilization on plate or something => egg becomes zygote => zygote becomes early embryo => embryo implanted into the body

Question 44

true or false: development involves repeated cell division and cell migration

Answer 44

true