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BIOSC-130 > Chapter 17 - Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein Flashcards

1
Q

gene expression

A

going from gene to protein

the appearance in a phenotype of a characteristic or effect attributed to a particular gene

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2
Q

phenotype

A

set of observable characteristics of an individual (ex: height, eye color, blood type, etc.)

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3
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism, the specific combination of alleles for a given gene (ex: Aa, aa, AA, etc.)

genotype => phenotype

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4
Q

what sugar is RNA made of?

A

ribose

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5
Q

what sugar is DNA made of?

A

deoxyribose

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6
Q

what are the 4 bases of RNA?

A

A, U, C, and G

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7
Q

what are the 4 bases of DNA?

A

A, T, C, and G

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8
Q

what is the shape of RNA?

A

single-stranded

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9
Q

what is the shape of DNA?

A

double-stranded, helix shape

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10
Q

transcription

A

production of RNA from a DNA template

transcribing = 1 nucleotide language to another (DNA to RNA)

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11
Q

what are the 3 parts of transcription? describe them.

(DNA to RNA)

A

initiation = RNA pol binds to the “promoter”

elongation = RNA pol synthesizes (makes) RNA through base pairing using the DNA template

termination = RNA pol releases RNA

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12
Q

codon

A

nucleotide triplet (reads RNA in non-overlapping sets of 3)

(ex: AUG MET CCA)

a reading frame is called a codon window

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13
Q

genetic code

A

the instructions contained in a gene that tells a cell how to make a specific protein

codons are the building blocks of a genetic code

codons = “words”
genetic code = “language”

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14
Q

the genetic code is said to be evolutionarily conserved, what does this mean?

A

most organisms use the same genetic code to transform their DNA into protein

“the rules governing the correspondence between each codon and its corresponding amino acid or stop signal have remained largely unchanged throughout the course of evolution”

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15
Q

redundant
(relates to the genetic code)

A

multiple codons per amino acids

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16
Q

unambiguous
(relates to the genetic code)

A

only one amino acid per codon

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17
Q

translation

A

RNA-directed (RNA gives instructions) polypeptide synthesis (making)

“translating” nucleotides to amino acid sequences

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18
Q

what are the sites for translation?

A

ribosomes

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19
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA involved in protein synthesis (protein making)?

A

messenger RNA = mRNA

transfer RNA = tRNA

ribosomal RNA = rRNA

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20
Q

describe the 3 types of RNA involved in protein synthesis (protein making)

A

mRNA = carries genetic message in a series of nucleotide triplets (codons)

tRNA = translates nucleotide codons to amino acid sequences

rRNA = catalyzes (causes rxn to occur, activates/speeds up) peptide bond formation between amino acids

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21
Q

what is a peptide bond?

A

it is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O)

a condensation reaction => forms peptide bond

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22
Q

what type of reaction forms a peptide bond?

A

dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction

(rxn that causes removal/release of water molecule)

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23
Q

anticodon

A

nucleotide triplet that pairs w/specific mRNA codons

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24
Q

amino acid attachment site

A

a location on the ribosome where the amino acid carried by the tRNA is temporarily attached during protein synthesis (protein making)

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25
Q

amino-acyl tRNA synthetase

A

an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its corresponding tRNA

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26
Q

what is a ribosome?

A

rRNA-protein complex

(it is made up of ribosomal RNA and proteins)

27
Q

what are the 3 tRNA binding sites?

A

A site = tRNA-amino acid
P site = tRNA-polypeptide
E site = empty tRNA exits

(imagine a ribosome sectioned into 3 sections, A | P | E , but it also could look like E | P | A )

28
Q

true or false: all polypeptides begin with the same amino acids

A

true

29
Q

true or false: the translation elongation cycle adds 1 amino acid at a time

A

true

30
Q

transformation

A

“change caused by genes”

change in phenotype (observable traits) due to assimilation of external DNA

31
Q

true or false: eukaryotic RNA pol requires additional factors for promoter binding

A

true

32
Q

transcription

A

synthesis (making) of a complementary base pairing strands of ribonucleotides

33
Q

what is the difference between transcription initiation in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes = RNA pol recognizes and binds the promoter

eukaryotes = transcription factors bind promoter first, then they help RNA pol get into its position

34
Q

what is the difference between transcription termination in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes = terminator sequence cause RNA pol to be released

eukaryotes = polyadenylation signal recruits proteins that cleave (release) “primary transcript” and release RNA pol

prokaryotes and eukaryotes terminate transcription by distinct mechanisms

35
Q

untranslated regions (UTRs)

A

in mRNA

not translated regions that are before the start codon and after the stop codon

5’ UTR = START ===== STOP = 3’ UTR

regulatory functions are the same as the 5’ cap and 3’ tail

36
Q

what are the functions of the 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail?

A

facilitate export

protect from degradation

facilitate translation

ribosome recruitment

37
Q

what is the average length of human RNA transcript?

A

27,000 nucleotides

38
Q

what is the average length of human protein?

A

400 amino acids

39
Q

true or false: eukaryotic mRNA contain non-coding segments interspersed (spread out amongst) w/protein-coding ones

A

true

40
Q

true or false: eukaryotic genes are non-continuous

A

true

41
Q

exons

A

protein-coding

contain info to build a protein

42
Q

introns

A

non-protein coding

they do not carry info to build a protein

43
Q

why is it important to remove an intron from the nucleus?

A

they need to be removed so that mRNA can encode a protein with the right sequence

if the spliceosome fails to remove an intron then an mRNA with extra “junk” in it will be made

the wrong protein will be produced during translation

44
Q

where are introns located?

A

inside the nucleus

45
Q

where are extrons located

A

outside the nucleus

46
Q

RNA splicing

A

it removes introns and then connects the exons

introns - - -
exons = = =

exons introns exons introns exons
=== - - - === - - - ===

                          to

                 === === ===
47
Q

spliceosome (mr.restocker dude)

A

RNA-protein complex that carries out splicing

he takes out introns and then connects exons

48
Q

snRNPs (“snurps”)

A

small nuclear ribonucleic proteins + snRNA + protein

part of a spliceosome

49
Q

snRNA

A

small nuclear RNA

50
Q

true or false: polypeptide sequences cue ribosomal attachment

A

true

51
Q

signal peptide

A

involved in the process of targeting proteins to the ER

an amino acid sequence that stalls translation and targets ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

recognized by signal recognition particle (SRP)

escorts to ER-bound receptor

translation resumes

52
Q

what does a signal peptide do?

A

the first amino acid sequence that comes out of the ribosome

we see it on some proteins

it is an amino acid sequence in mRNA that stalls translation and targets ribosomes to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

disappears/is removed once it gets to the ER

53
Q

signal recognition particle (SRP)

A

recognizes signal peptides

binds to signal peptide

is a protein-RNA complex

54
Q

tryptophan

A

an amino acid that is required for e. coli to survive

trp (italicized) = trp gene

55
Q

what are the metabolic controls for tryptophan?

A

1.) enzyme activity = negative feedback and allosteric modulation
2.) enzyme production

56
Q

negative feedback

A

a self-regulatory system in which it feeds back to the input a part of a system’s output so as to reverse the direction of change of the output

input to output and then output back into input cycle

the process reduces the output of a system in order to stabilize or re-establish internal equilibrium.

57
Q

allosteric modulation

A

a way to control the function of a protein by binding a molecule (allosteric modulator) to a specific site on the protein

there is the protein, the ligand, and the allosteric modulator

the allosteric modulator binds to the protein and changes the shape of the ligand to fit into the active site of the protein

58
Q

genome

A

the complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism

59
Q

operon

A

cluster of function related genes controlled by a single element

60
Q

what are operons composed of?

A

promoter = RNA pol binding site

operator = on/off switch which is in or near promoter

controls access of RNA pol to genes

genes = single transcript unit (single mRNA produces various polypeptides)

61
Q

repressor

A

a protein that binds operator, blocks attachment of RNA pol

encoded by gene outside the operon

allosterically regulated (can be positively or negatively operated)

62
Q

what are the two types of operons we need to know?

A

trp operon and lac operon

63
Q

lac operon

A

lac operon = regulates lactose metabolism, codes for the production of enzymes necessary for lactose metabolism

(has an active repressor, which means when an inducer is present it will start making lactase)

64
Q

trp operon

A

trp operon = controls biosynthesis of tryptophan (making of tryptophan) in e. coli

(has an inactive repressor which means if the inducer isn’t present the e. coli won’t produce tryptophan)

BIOSC-130 (9 decks)

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