Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOSC-130 > Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

interstitial fluid

A

the fluid filling the spaces
in between cells

(ex: composed of water, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

circulatory fluid

A

hemolymph

it moves material throughout the body

(ex: blood, lymph, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is blood comprised of?

A

plasma

(cells) erythrocytes + leukocytes

(cell fragments) platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lymph fluid

A

a colorless fluid that circulates inside the lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system?

A

1.) pump = heart

2.) tubes = vessels

3.) fluid = blood (also known as hemolymph)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is another word for hemolymph?

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name the 2 heart chambers and briefly describe the function

A

atria (A) = receives blood from veins

ventricles (V) = pumps blood to arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 valves in the heart? describe function

A

atrioventricular (AV) = atria to ventricles

semilunar (SL) = ventricles to arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do valves do in the heart?

A

they prevent backflow of blood and ensure one-way flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why is the left side of the heart have a thicker wall?

A

its thicker because it needs to pump blood to all the body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 2 circuits?

A

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

R heart => lungs => L heart

it oxygenates blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

systemic circuit

A

L heart => body => R heart

delivers oxygenated blood to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are electrical signals passed?

A

via gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

autorhythmic cells

A

unstable (pacemaker) potential

generate own action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where are autorhythmic cells located mainly?

A

sinoatrial (SA) nodes

atrioventricular (AV) nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

syncytium

A

network of interconnected cells

(ex: cardiac muscle tissue in the atria and ventricles form a syncytium, meaning that individual cells within the heart really function as a unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is the sinoatrial (SA) node called the pacemaker of the heart?

A

because it continuously generates electrical impulses

therefore setting the normal rhythm and rate in a healthy heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the process of electrical conduction of the heart?

A

1.) signals from the SA node spread through the atria

2.) signals are delayed at the atrioventricular (AV) node

3.) Purkinje fibers (bundle branches) pass signals to the heart apex (at the bottom of the heart)

4.) signals spread throughout the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

intercalated discs

A

connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are bundle branches?

A

Purkinje fibers = specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does an electrocardiogram (ECG) do?

A

provides an electrical view of the heart

can measure heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the electrical events of the cardiac cycle?

A

1.) P wave = atrial depolarization

2.) QRS complex = ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

3.) T wave = ventricular repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the levels (#) of heart rate (BPM)?

A

normal = 60 to 100

bradycardia = < 60

tachycardia = > 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sinus rhythm

A

SA node acts as a pacemaker

(P => QRS => T)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

arrhythmia

A

(related to heart rhythm)

faulty nodes or conductance

atria and ventricles contract independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

fibrillation

A

ectopic (in an abnormal place or position) pacemaker (SA node not in control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ectopic

A

in an abnormal place or position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

heart block

A

signals not conducted properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs? to entire body?

A

right side of the heart => pumps low oxygenated blood to the lungs where it gets O2

left side of the heart => pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

volume (vol) pumped per minute (mL/in.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

heart rate (HR)

A

number of beats per minute (BPM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

volume per beat (mL/beat)

how much blood you can pump out per beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

heart strength

A

stronger heart, stronger stroke volume (SV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

starlings law

A

“pump what you get” (more in, more out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

venous return

A

volume returned to the heart

depends on gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the effects of posture on heart rate (HR)?

A

1.) seated (resting) = cardiac output (CO) requirement similar to sleeping cardiac output (CO)

increase fitness = increase stroke volume (SV) and decrease heart rate (HR)

2.) seated to standing = lowered venous return (VR) (blood pools in veins in the legs)

decrease stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and blood pressure

3.) standing to walking = peripheral pump, increase venous return (VR)

increase stroke volume (SV) = decrease heart rate (HR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

baroreceptors (in relation to the heart, like what does it signal the heart to do?)

A

signals to:
increase heart rate (HR)

      arteries => decrease stretch (decrease 
      pressure)

      veins => increase stretch (pooling blood)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the main pump?

A

the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is a peripheral pump?

A

increases venous return

skeletal muscle and respiratory pump = peripheral pumps

heart = main pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is M.A.P.?

A

mean arterial pressure

42
Q

how to get M.A.P.?

A

cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR)

MAP = CO x TPR

43
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)

CO = HR x SV

44
Q

diving reflex

A

optimizes physiology to enable extended underwater time

bradycardia = decreased heart rate (HR)

peripheral vasoconstriction = decreased blood circulation, maintains blood pressure (MAP) with decreased (HR)

45
Q

peripheral vasoconstriction

A

decreased blood circulation, maintains blood pressure (MAP) with decreased heart rate (HR)

46
Q

cardiac cycle

A

1.) atrial, ventricular diastole

flow: veins => arteries => ventricles

2.) atrial systole, ventricular diastole

flow: atria => ventricles

3.) ventricular systole, atrial diastole

flow: ventricles =>arteries

veins => atria

47
Q

diastole

A

relaxation (fill)

48
Q

systole

A

contraction (pump)

49
Q

what are the 2 heart sounds?

A

“lub” = atrioventricular (AV) valves close

ventricular systole closes atrioventricular (AV) valves

“dub” = semilunar (SL) valves close

ventricular diastole, arterial pressure closes semilunar (SL) valves

50
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

pacemaker

generates own action potentials (spontaneous depolarization)

51
Q

what drives heart contraction?

A

autorhythmic cells

52
Q

blood flow (arteries/veins)

A

arteries => arterioles => capillaries => venules => veins

53
Q

what preserves blood pressure during diastole?

A

the elasticity of arteries

54
Q

arteries

A

deliver blood (away from the heart)

stores systolic pressure

maintains driving pressure during relaxation (diastole)

55
Q

what is the capillary flow controlled by?

A

arteriole diameter (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
=> narrower blood vessel = less flow
=> widening blood vessel = more flow

precapillary sphincters

56
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels

smaller = less flow

57
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels

wider = more flow

58
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

rings of smooth muscle

adjust flow into capillaries

59
Q

capillaries

A

exchange of material between the blood and tissue cells (gas, nutrients, and blood cells)

narrow, large surface area, decreased velocity, increase exchange

has thin leaky walls that help with material exchange

60
Q

capillary exchange

A

large molecules (cells, proteins)
=> most stay in the blood (plasma)

small molecules (gases, ions, nutrients)
=> through cells = diffusion, membrane
transport
=> around cells = via pores in the
capillary walls

61
Q

what are the 3 ways things can transport through the capillary walls?

A

1.) pass through pores
2.) through the membrane via endocytosis or exocytosis (vesicular transport)
3.) diffusion (passes through cells)

62
Q

fluid

A

moves through pores in capillary walls

if filtration > absorption then there will be a net loss of fluid

63
Q

filtration (out)

A

circulatory => interstitial

blood pressure pushes fluid out

64
Q

reabsorption (in)

A

interstitial => circulatory

osmotic pressure pulls fluid back in

65
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the pressure caused by a difference in the amounts of solutes/molecules between solutions

66
Q

lymphatic system

A

the tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases

returns fluid to the heart

has one-way valves, unidirectional flow, and lymph nodes have an immune function

67
Q

what happens to blood pressure in capillaries?

A

blood pressure drops significantly

68
Q

veins/venules

A

returns blood to the heart

they have 1-way valves to ensure unidirectional flow (only goes one way)

weak vasoconstriction
strong peripheral pumps

69
Q

venous return

A

volume of blood returned to the heart

influenced by gravity

70
Q

what aides venous return?

A

muscles in the walls of veins and peripheral pumps

71
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

the “hardening of the arteries”

it happens because plaques start forming in the arteries and it causes:
=> reduction of elasticity
=> narrowing
=> reduces blood flow (in the arteries)

72
Q

hypertension

A

increased blood pressure

73
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

74
Q

heart attack (myocardial infraction)

A

blockage in the coronary artery

75
Q

what can cause heart attacks (myocardial infarctions)?

A

thrombus => blood clot
myocardial ischemia => inadequate O2 to cardiac muscle

76
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

77
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

inadequate O2 to cardiac muscle

78
Q

what are some treatments for heart attack (myocardial infarction)? describe them.

A

bypass surgery = adds a vein to create a new route for blood and oxygen to go around a blockage to reach your heart)

stents = small mesh tubes used to hold open passages (weak arteries)

angiogenesis = formation of new blood vessels, using stem cells

79
Q

angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels

80
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

81
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

82
Q

true or false: you breathe to feed your mitochondria O2

A

true

83
Q

respiratory membrane

A

connects alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

84
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the pressure caused by a difference in the amounts of solutes/molecules between solutions

85
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the pressure caused by a difference in the amounts of solutes/molecules between solutions

86
Q

what are the 2 parts of the respiratory system?

A

1.) upper = mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

“conditions” air => adds moisture to the air, removes moisture from the air, or heats and cools the air

2.) lower = trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

87
Q

true or false: lungs are never completely empty

A

true

88
Q

(lungs) tidal volume

A

normal breath

89
Q

(lungs) vital capacity

A

maximum inhale and maximum exhale

90
Q

(lungs) residual volume

A

air remaining following exhale (“used” air mixes with “new” air)

91
Q

what does altitude do?

A

influences total air pressure

doesn’t change the composition of the air (% of each gas is the same)

slows diffusion

92
Q

partial pressure (Pgas)

A

the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture

equation:
Px = (Ptotal) x (%gas)

93
Q

what are the 2 ways oxygen is transported?

A

1.) hemoglobin (Hb) = 98% transport

2.) plasma = 2% transport

94
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygen + hemoglobin

O2 + Hb = oxyhemoglobin

95
Q

cooperativity

A

binding at one site influences binding at others, like a bandwagoning of molecules

(ex: when 1 oxygen molecule binds onto a hemoglobin molecule, the rest of the oxygen molecules all start binding)

enhances binding and release (speed up the process since 1 oxygen molecule has signaled to other molecules that they found the binding site)

96
Q

Bohr shift

A

changes in the O2 dissociation curve as a result of CO2 levels

when an increase in CO2 production lowers pH and induces increased O2 release from hemoglobin (Hb)

97
Q

what happens when there is an increase in CO2 production?

A

pH decreases

increase O2 release from Hb

increase metabolic activity <=> increase O2 delivery due to metabolic activity

98
Q

what are the 3 ways CO2 is transported?

A

1.) hemoglobin (Hb) = 33%

(33% is how much CO2 uses Hb for transport)

2.) plasma = 7%

3.) bicarbonate = 70%

99
Q

what enzyme is used to convert CO2 to HCO3- (bicarbonate)?

A

carbonic anhydrase

100
Q

why is the sinoatrial (SA) node called the pacemaker of the heart?

A

because it continuously generates electrical impulses

therefore setting the normal rhythm and rate in a healthy heart

BIOSC-130 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions