chapter 45 Flashcards
holes in bones is called
osteoporosis
etiology of osteoporosis
lack of calcium in bones
non-modifiable osteoporosis risk factors
age
gender (female)
post menopause (lack of estrogen)
race (white)
modifiable osteoporosis risk factors
PPI’s (omeprazole & other -zole meds)
glucocorticoids (prednisone & other -sone)
diet (lack of vitamin D)
fractures/trauma
obesity
inactivity/immobility
alcohol
S/S of osteoporosis
pain
pathological fractures (spontaneous fractures)
kyphosis
how do pathological fractures occur
spontaneously when pt moves without trauma
osteoporosis diagnostic studies
MRI
CT scan
DEXA scan (bone density scan)
how often should a DEXA scan be performed
once per year for prevention
a normal DEXA scan score is
-1 and above
DEXA score of -1.1 through -2.4 would indicate
osteopenia
DEXA score of -2.5 & below would indicate
osteoporosis
is a DEXA score of zero normal?
yes it means bone density is perfect
what do osteoclasts do
break down calcium in bones
what happens to calcium broken down by osteoclasts
released into the bloodstream
osteoporosis treatment
lifestyle changes
raloxifen (menopausal women)
alendronate
NSAIDS (pain)
vitamin D (any kind)
calcium supplements
what medicine increases estrogen and prevent osteoporosis in post menopausal woman
raloxifen
medication that treats osteoporosis and may cause esophageal ulcers
alendronate (fosamax)
pt education for taking alendronate
-take w full glass of water on empty stomach
- stay upright for at least 30 mins to an hr after taking
is osteoporosis reversible?
yes
which kind of doctor would provide care for osteoporosis
rheumatologist
adverse effects of calcium supplements
kidney stones
how to prevent kidney stones from calcium supplements
drink lots of fluids
osteoporosis complications
kyphosis
pathological fractures
pain
osteoporosis nursing interventions
educate pt:
- increase calcium & vitamin D intake
- weight bearing exercise for 30 mins (brisk walk)
- smoking cessation
- limit alcohol
what is osteomyelitis
a bone infection
osteomyelitis causes
bacteria
virus
parasites
fungi
how does bacteria infect the bone in osteomyelitis
through an open fracture
what is an open fracture
when bone breaks and comes out of the skin
why is osteomyelitis difficult to treat?
lack of blood vessels in bones
S/S of osteomyelitis
bone pain
fever
redness & heart in infected home area
elevated WBC count
ESR (later as disease progresses)
osteomyelitis treatments
NSAIDS (pain)
antibiotics (bone infection)
antipyretics (fever)
abnormal thickening of palm fascia at base of fingers is called
dupuytren’s contracture
when fluid leaks out of joint/tendon tunnel and forms swelling beneath skin it’s called a?
ganglion cyst (looks like spider bite in 2000 spider-man movie but a lil less gross)
what drugs are used as antipyretics
NSAIDS
