Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LS 2 > Chapter 44: Animal Development > Flashcards

Chapter 44: Animal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Animal development

A

transformation from a single egg, zygote (diploid [2n] fertilized egg) via cell division, cell movement, cell specialization, pattern formation and apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the stages of development?

A

cell division–>cell expansion–>growth–>cell differentiation–>creation of tissue–>creation of organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 processes of development?

A
  1. determination
  2. Differentiation
  3. Morphogenesis
  4. Growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Differentiation

A

the process by which different types of cells arise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Morphogenesis

A

organization and spatial distribution of differentiated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Growth

A

increase in body size by cell division and expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the ways in which morphogenesis occurs?

A

cell division, cell expansion, cell movements, apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell fate

A

which type of tissue the cell will ultimately become. cell fate is usually determined quite early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fertilization

A

gametes, sex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Haploid

A

one set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diploid

A

two sets of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gametes are produced when?

A

meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how do the gametes get their chromosomes?

A

each parent contributes a set

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is zygote produced?

A

fusion of gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the human egg protected by?

A

cumulus and zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does fertilization do?

A
  • blocks entry of additional sperm
  • stimulates ion fluxes across membranes
  • changes pH of the egg
  • increases egg metabolism and protein synthesis
  • initiates cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is contained in eggs

A

large, well stocked with organelles, nutrients, transcription factors, and mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cumulus

A

keeps out unhealthy sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens during fusion?

A

2 pronuclei lose their nuclear membranes and fuse together to form diploid zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vegetal hemisphere

A

lower half of egg, where nutrients are concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Animal hemisphere

A

opposite end of the egg, has pigments and contains nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cleavage

A

blastula formation, cleavage in mammals is unique, specific blasters generate specific tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gastrulation

A

three germ layer formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Organogenesis

A

formation of an organ system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neurulation

A

formation of a nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Mosaic development is

A

determinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Regulated development is

A

indeterminate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cleavage

A

early cell divisions with no cell growth. embryo becomes a solid ball of small cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Blastocoel

A

a central fluid-filled cavity that forms in the ball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Blastula

A

developed embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Blastomeres

A

the cells of the blastula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

complete cleavage

A

eggs with little yolk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

incomplete cleavage

A

occurs in eggs with a lot of yolk when cleavage furrows don’t penetrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Discoidal cleavage

A

embryo forms as a blastodisc that sits on top of the yolk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Superficial cleavage

A

variation of incomplete cleavage in insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Syncytium

A

cell with many nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why is there little increase in overall volume during cleavage?

A

because the blastomeres become progressively smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What influences cleavage?

A

amount of yolk, orientation of mitotic spindle,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Blastocyst

A

a dense inner cell mass on top of a hollow blastocoel, surrounded by a trophoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Mammalian cleavage is slow or fast?

A

slow and asynchronous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what happens when the zygote reaches the 8 cell stage?

A

blastomeres change shape and maximize contact with one another to form a tight ball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What happens at the 32 cell stage?

A

Inner cell mass- becomes the embryo OR trophoblast forms from outer cells

43
Q

Trophoblast

A

sac that forms from the outer cells. its cells secrete fluid to create the blastocoel cavity, with the inner cell mass at one end.

44
Q

Mosaic development

A

loss of blastomeres results in loss of later structures

45
Q

Regulated development

A

loss of blastomeres does not deleteriously affect development because the remaining cells compensate for the loss (ex: in human blasters but not inner cell mass)

46
Q

Mosaic development

A

each blastomere contributes certain aspects to the adult animal (roundworms) removing one blastomere will harm the embryo

47
Q

Regulative development

A

other cells compensate for any lost cells (many vertebrates) one blastomere removed won’t harm embryo

48
Q

Blastomeres

A

separate into two groups, each can become an embryo

49
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

come from same zygote and are identical

50
Q

Nonidentical twins

A

from two eggs fertilized by two sperm

51
Q

Gastrulation

A

three germ layer formation - from hollow ball to tube within a tube

52
Q

Gastrulation

A

formation of a gastrula

53
Q

Gastrula

A

embryo with gut connected to outside by mouth or anus “opening”; a blastopore

54
Q

Cells of blastula reorganize into how many layers?

A

three germ layers.

55
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
  3. Mesoderm
56
Q

Germ layers are fated to develop into specific adult tissues

A

“determined” to develop this way … later develop into specific tissues through differentiation

57
Q

Ectoderm

A

fates include nervous system and epidermis of skin

58
Q

Endoderm

A

fates include inner linings of gut and respiratory system, liver, pancreas, urinary bladder

59
Q

Mesoderm

A

becomes the skeletal system, circulatory systems, kidneys, gonads, blood cells, muscles, dermis of skin

60
Q

What does Gastrulation form

A

the gastrula: an embryo with an internal cavity “primitive intestine”

61
Q

Invagination

A

creates a primitive intestinal cavity (archenteron) exposed to the outside through the blastopore that later forms either an anus or mouth depending on organism

62
Q

Deuterosomes

A

blastopore forms anus, mouth later forms from second opening

63
Q

Protosomes

A

blastopore forms mouth, anus later forms from second opening

64
Q

Gastrulation in the Bird: what happens to blastoderm cells?

A

they migrate to the primitive streak, move through it into the blastocoel to form the endoderm and the mesoderm

65
Q

Blastula in the birds

A

flat disk of cells on top of the yolk

66
Q

Hypoblast

A

a continuous layer that will contribute to extra embryonic membranes, formed from cells that enter the fluid space between blastodisc and yolk

67
Q

Epiblast

A

overlying cells that will become the embryo, move toward the midline and form a ridge called the primitive streak

68
Q

Hensen’s node

A

equivalent of the amphibian dorsal lip and contains many signaling molecules.

69
Q

Trophoblast:

A

that layer surrounding the blastocoel

70
Q

Where does fertilization occur in mammals?

A

oviduct; cleavage occurs as the zygote travels down oviduct to uterus

71
Q

Implantation: when does it occur?

A

when the trophoblast adheres to the endometrium (uterine lining)

72
Q

Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy

A

implantation occurs in the oviduct: zona pellucida usually prevents this

73
Q

blastocyst

A

the cell mass that is implanted in the maternal uterus

74
Q

Trophoblast

A

outer layer of the blastocyst that becomes the placenta

75
Q

Determination

A

influenced by gene expression and the extracellular environment. it’s a commitment.

76
Q

Differentiation

A

changes in biochemistry, structure, and function that result in different cell types

77
Q

Cell potency

A

potential to differentiate into other cell types

78
Q

Totipotent

A

can differentiate into any cell type (early embryo)

79
Q

Pluripotent

A

can develop into most cell types, but cannot form new embryos

80
Q

Multipotent

A

can differentiate into several related cell types

81
Q

Unipotent

A

can produce only one cell type: their own (mature organism)

82
Q

Organogenesis

A

the making of organs

83
Q

Chordamesoderm

A

the mesoderm closest to the midline

84
Q

Notochord

A

provides support for the embryo

85
Q

What does the chordamesoderm do?

A

has organizer functions and induces the ectoderm to form the nervous system

86
Q

Neurulation slide 54 & 56

A

forming of nervous system; process by which external sheet of cells (neural plate) develops into an internal tube (neural tube) that later develops into brain and spinal chord

87
Q

Chordates

A
  1. Invertebrates

2. Vertebrates

88
Q

What are some examples of invertebrates?

A

tunicates and branchiostoma

89
Q

What are some examples of vertebrates?

A

fishes, reptiles, mammals, amphibians, birds, humans

90
Q

somites

A

blocks of mesodermal cells that produce cells that become the vertebrae, ribs, muscles, and lower skin layer. ; guide peripheral nerve development

91
Q

Determination

A

germ layers are fated to develop into specific tissues through differentiation

  1. cytoplasmic segregation
  2. embryonic induction
92
Q

Determination by cytoplasmic segregation

A

cytoplasmic components of eggs are unevenly distributed into separate cells or parts of cells to cause cell determination

93
Q

Determination by embryonic induction

A

interactions with other cells/tissues causes determination. the inducer is the specific chemical signal

94
Q

Is the fate of a cell in the early embryo already determined?

A

Cell fates in the early embryo are not determined, but can change depending on the environment

95
Q

Do different regions in the fertilized egg and the embryo have different developmental potential?

A

the animal and vegetal pole halves differ in their developmental potential

96
Q

Cytoplasmic segregation, aka

A

unequal cytokinesis

97
Q

Induction

A

cell-to-cell communication

98
Q

cytoplasmic segregation

A

factors within a zygote or egg are not distributed evenly and end up in different daughter cells after division; polarity with a top and bottom

99
Q

Animal development: which is top and which is bottom/

A

animal pole=top

vegetal pole=bottom

100
Q

What happens if a sea urchin an eight-cell embryo is cut vertically?

A

develops into 2 small larvae

101
Q

What happens if a sea urchin eight-cell embryo is cut horizontally?

A

bottom develops into larva, top remains embryonic

102
Q

Are cytoplasmic factors necessary for development localized in the fertilized egg?

A

cytoplasmic factors in the gray crescent are crucial for normal development

103
Q

When is presumptive epidermis determined to follow a particular developmental path?

A

during gastrulation, presumptive neural ectoderm becomes determined to develop into nervous system

104
Q

Can some cells induce other cells to follow a particular developmental path?

A

the dorsal lip can induce other cells to participate in embryogenesis

LS 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions