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Chapter 41: Animal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrinology

A

study of hormones and their actions

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2
Q

Hormone

A

intercellular chemical messenger that travels within body tissue

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3
Q

What do hormones travel between?

A

endocrine cells and target cells

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4
Q

Endocrine cell function

A

produces and/or stores hormones

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5
Q

Target cell

A

contains receptor molecules that bind to hormone molecules–>activates cellular mechanisms–>hormone = “message” and the target cell responds by either activating or inhibiting enzyme-catalyzed reactions–>results in activation of gene expression or protein synthesis

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6
Q

What does the receptor-hormone activate?

A

secondary messenger systems (hormone = first messenger)

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7
Q

Circulating hormones

A

transported by the blood and bind to receptors on distant cells

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8
Q

Paracrine hormones

A

bind to receptors on nearby cells

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9
Q

Autocrine systems

A

hormones bind on cells that secrete them

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10
Q

Cells with no receptors

A

don’t respond to hormones

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11
Q

What do neurons secrete?

A

chemical neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on other cells

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12
Q

Local hormones

A

chemical message released into ECF, localized effects (paracrine, autocrine)

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13
Q

Histamine

A

hormone released by mast cells, diffuses into damaged tissue to dilate local blood vessels as part of inflammation response

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14
Q

Circulating hormone

A

a chemical message released into circulatory system with goal of reaching more distant cells

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15
Q

How many actions can a single hormone have?

A

many

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16
Q

Glands

A

organs composed of clusters of secretory cells

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17
Q

Exocrine glands

A

release secretions to outside of the body through ducts (salivary, sweat)

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18
Q

Endocrine glands

A

“ductless” glands that store and release hormones into ECF from which it may enter the body’s circulatory systems

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19
Q

What kind of environment does homeostasis maintain?

A

stable internal environment (within cells and systems)

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20
Q

What mediates homeostasis?

A

nervous and endocrine systems

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21
Q

what kind of regulation does homeostasis involve?

A

feedback regulation

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22
Q

what is the goal of homeostasis?

A

to prevent harmful fluctuations

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23
Q

how many endocrine glands?

A

9

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24
Q

What kinds of cells secrete hormones?

A

nerve cells, digestive tract cells, mast cells in tissue

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25
Q

Histamine

A

hormone released by mast cells, diffuses into damaged tissue to dilate local blood vessels as part of the inflammation response

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26
Q 
Hypothalamus 
HORMONE = Release and Release-inhibiting
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. peptides
  2. anterior pituitary
  3. control secretion of hormones of anterior pituitary
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27
Q 
Hypothalamus
HORMONE = Oxytocin, antidiuretic
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Peptides
  2. Anterior pituitary
  3. Stored and released by posterior pituitary
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28
Q 
Anterior pituitary: Tropic hormones
HORMONE=Thyrotropin
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Glycoprotein
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroxine
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29
Q 
Anterior pituitary
HORMONE=Adrenocorticotropin
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Polypeptide
  2. Adrenal cortex
  3. Stimulates release of hormones from adrenal cortex
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30
Q 
Anterior pituitary
HORMONE=Luteinizing
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Glycoprotein
  2. Gonads
  3. Stimulates secretion of sex hormones from ovaries and testes
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31
Q 
Anterior Pituitary
HORMONE=Follicle-stimulating
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Glycoprotein
  2. Gonads
  3. Stimulates growth and maturation of eggs in females; stimulates sperm production in males
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32
Q 
Anterior Pituitary
HORMONE=Growth
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Protein
  2. Bones, liver, muscles
  3. stimulates protein synthesis and growth
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33
Q 
Anterior pituitary
HORMONE=Prolactin
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Protein
  2. Mammary glands
  3. Stimulates milk production
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34
Q

Hormone= melanocyte-stimulating

  1. chemical nature
  2. target(s)
  3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Peptide
  2. Melanocytes
  3. controls skin pigmentation
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35
Q

Hormone=endorphins and enkephalins

  1. chemical nature
  2. target(s)
  3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Peptides
  2. Spinal cord neurons
  3. decrease painful sensations
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36
Q 
Posterior Pituitary
HORMONE=Oxytocin
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Peptide
  2. Uterus, breasts
  3. induces birth by stimulating labor contractions; causes milk flow
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37
Q 
Posterior Pituitary
HORMONE=Antidiuretic
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Peptide
  2. Kidneys
  3. Stimulates water reabsorption and raises blood pressure
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38
Q 
Thyroid
HORMONE=Thyroxine
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Iodinated amino acid derivative
  2. Many tissues
  3. stimulates and maintains metabolism necessary for normal development and growth
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39
Q 
Thyroid
HORMONE=Calcitonin
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Peptide
  2. Bones
  3. Stimulates bone formation; lowers blood calcium
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40
Q 
Parathyroids Thymus
HORMONE=Parathormone
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Protein
  2. Bones
  3. Stimulates bone formation; lowers blood calcium
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41
Q 
Parathyroids Thymus
HORMONE=Thymosins
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Peptides
  2. Immune system
  3. Activate immune responses of T cells in the lymphatic system
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42
Q 
Pancreas
HORMONE=Insulin
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. protein
  2. muscles, liver, fat, other tissues
  3. stimulates uptake and metabolism of glucose; increases conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat
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43
Q 
Pancreas
HORMONE=Glucagon
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Protein
  2. Liver
  3. Stimulates breakdown of glycogen and raises blood sugar
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44
Q 
Pancreas
HORMONE=Somatostatin
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Peptide
  2. Digestive tract; other cells of the pancreas
  3. Inhibits insulin and glucagon release; decreases secretion, motility, and absorption in the digestive tract
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45
Q 
Adrenal medulla
HORMONE=Epinephrine, norepinephrine
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. modified amino acids
  2. heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells
  3. Stimulate fight-or-flight reactions; increase heart rate, redistribute blood to muscles, raise blood sugar
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46
Q 
Adrenal cortex
HORMONE=Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Steriods
  2. Muscles, immune system, other tissues
  3. Mediate response to stress; reduce metabolism of glucose; increase metabolism of proteins and fats; reduce inflammation and immune responses
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47
Q 
Adrenal cortex
HORMONE=mineralocorticoids
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Steriods
  2. Kidneys
  3. Stimulate excretion of potassium ions and reabsorption of sodium ions
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48
Q 
Stomach Lining
HORMONE=Gastrin
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Peptide
  2. Stomach
  3. Promotes digestion of food by stimulating release of digestive juices; stimulates stomach movements that mix food and digestive juices
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49
Q 
Lining of small intestine secretes:
HORMONE=secretin
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Peptide
  2. Pancreas
  3. Stimulate secretion of bicarbonate solution by ducts of pancreas
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50
Q 
Lining of small intestine
HORMONE=Cholecystokinin
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Peptide
  2. Pancreas, liver, gallbladder
  3. Stimulates secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas and other digestive juices from liver; stimulates contractions of gallbladder and ducts
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51
Q 
Lining of small intestine 
HORMONE=Enterogastrone
1. chemical nature
2. target(s)
3. Important properties or actions
A
  1. Polypeptide
  2. Stomach
  3. Inhibits digestive activities in the stomach
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52
Q

What feedback loops control hormone secretion?

A

negative feedback usually

  • level of hormone in blood can exert feedback on glands responsible for its production
  • internal conditions can exert feedback regulation on glands responsible for hormone production. hormone regulates particular internal condition and helps maintain homeostasis
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53
Q

Releasing Factors from Hypothalamus (4)?

A
  1. TRF
  2. GnRF
  3. CRF
  4. GRF
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54
Q

TRF

A

Thyrotropin-releasing factor

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55
Q

GnRF

A

Gonadotropin-releasing factor

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56
Q

CRF

A

Corticotropin-releasing factor

57
Q

GRF

A

Growth Hormone-releasing factor

58
Q

Why is hypothalamus master gland?

A

receives info about body/external–>sends tropic releasing hormones/release-inhibiting hormones (neurohormones) –>anterior pituitary via portal blood vessels –>neurons produce hormones

59
Q

neurohormones

A

tropic releasing hormones and release-inhibiting hormones

60
Q

What are the two things that the thyroid gland secretes?

A
  1. Thyroxine

2. Triiodothyronine (T3)

61
Q

Thyroxine

A

increases metabolic rate and heart rate; promotes growth

62
Q

Calcitonin

A

decreases blood Ca2+

63
Q

How is the thyroid regulated?

A

by temp and day length

feedback regulation by thyroxine concentration

64
Q

Goiter

A

if immune responds to thyrotropin receptor, thyroid will overproduce thyroxine, thyroid gland enlarges (low TSH)

65
Q

What happens if low on iodine?

A

thyroid gland enlarges (high TSH)

66
Q

Hypothyroidism (under)

A

Hashimoto, autoimmune destruction of follicles, low iodine diet, tired, cold intolerance, weight gain

67
Q

Hyperthyroidism (over)

A

Graves’ disease, autoimmune attacking TSH receptor agonistic effect, nervousness, irritability, heart racing, weight loss, sleeplessness

68
Q

What does the medulla produce?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

69
Q

What does the cortex produce?

A

cortisol, mineralcorticoids, sex steriods

70
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

outer layer of adrenal gland

71
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

produces steroid hormones from cholesterol

72
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

core of the adrenal gland

73
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine for use by the sympathetic nervous system in autonomic “fight or flight” responses

74
Q

Epinephrine

A

released by adrenal medulla in response to fight-or-flight

75
Q

Sex steroids

A

stimulate sexual development and reproductive activity (testosterone and estrogen) - secreted by testes and ovaries

76
Q

steroid hormones

A

glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, sex hormones are produced by same biosynthetic pathway beginning with cholesterol

77
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

influence blood glucose concentration and body metabolism

78
Q

Cortisol

A

helps body respond to short-term stresses by increasing glucose supply for the brain and by suppressing the immune system

79
Q

Mineral corticoids

A

influence ionic balance of extracellular fluids

80
Q

Aldosterone

A

regulates salt concentration in the blood

81
Q

Pancreas

A

below stomach, islets of langerhans cells produce insulin and glucagon

82
Q

insulin

A

controls (lowers) blood glucose levels by stimulating cells to use glucose as fuel (glycolysis and cell respiration) and convert glucose into fat and glycogen

83
Q

Glucagon

A

controls (raises) blood glucose levels by stimulating liver cells to break down glycogen into glucose

84
Q

Somatostatin

A

released from pancreas in response to rapid rises in blood glucose and AA levels

85
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A

extends nutrient absorption in gut and by cells themselves

86
Q

Somatostatin - what effect on insulin and glucagon?

A

inhibits their release and slows digestive activity

87
Q

What gland produces calcitonin?

88
Q

What produces parathyroid (PTH) hormone?

A

Parathyroid

89
Q

What controls the regulation of calcium levels in blood?

A

calcitonin, parathyroid hromone, vitamin D

90
Q

thyroid gland consists of:

A

two lobes on the side of the trachea

91
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

our small structures embedded on the surface of the thyroid gland

92
Q

Thyroid produces two hormones

A
  1. thyroxine

2. calcitonin

93
Q

Thyroxine (refer to slide 44)

A

elevates metabolic rate and carbohydrate use, part of the feedback loop

94
Q

Calcitonin

A

excreted by thyroid and helps regulate (lower) blood calcium levels by decreasing activity of osteoclasts and increasing activity of osteoblasts

95
Q

Parathormone

A

excreted by parathyroid and helps regulate (raise) blood calcium levels by increasing activity of the osteoclasts and increasing calcium uptake by the digestive system and kidneys

96
Q

Calcium distribution

A

99% in bones
1% in cells
0.1% extracellular fluids

97
Q

PTH helps regulate blood calcium by:

A
  • deposition and absorption of bone
  • excretion of calcium by the kidneys
  • absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
98
Q

What organ does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

pituitary gland

99
Q

Median eminence

A

secrete releasing hormones from axon terminals in this

100
Q

portal system

A

hormones get released into this system of blood vessels to flood the anterior pituitary–>release tropic hormones that act on endocrine glands

101
Q

Hypothalamus have terminals in posterior pituitary where they release what 2 hormones?

A
  1. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

2. Oxytocin

102
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)`

A

acts on kidney to reabsorb water & inhabit formation of urine, thus increase blood pressure. it also constricts peripheral blood vessels (so it is also called vasopressin)

103
Q

Oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and triggers milk letdown reflex during nursing. “love hormone”

104
Q

What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A

neurohormones

105
Q

Where are neurohormones stored?

A

in nerve endings

106
Q

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin and vasopresin

107
Q

Growth hormone pathway

A

liver–>somatomedins

108
Q

Prolactin function

A

milk production, endocrine function of testes

109
Q

Endorphins and enkephalins are also called

A

natural opiates

110
Q

Anterior pituitary gland produces and secretes 4 tropic hormones, as well as direct hormones:

A
  1. growth hormone
  2. prolactin
  3. melanocyte-stimulating hormone
  4. endorphines/enkephalins
111
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland originates where?

A

originates as out pocketing of anterior end of embryonic digestive tract (mouth)

112
Q

What are the 2 hormones of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. tropic hormones

2. direct hormones

113
Q

Tropic hormones

A

control activities of other endocrine glands

114
Q

Direct hormones

A

control activities directly

115
Q

What are the four Tropic hormones

A
  1. Thyrotropin
  2. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
  3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  4. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
116
Q

Thyrotropin

A

stimulates thyroxin release by the thyroid glands

117
Q

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

A

stimulates release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

118
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates sex hormone secretion by the gonads

119
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates gamete maturation or production in ovaries and testes

120
Q

What are the 4 direct hormones?

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Prolactin
  3. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
  4. Endorphins and enkephanlins
121
Q

Growth hormone

A

stimulates cells to take up AAs for protein synthesis; promotes body growth by stimulating liver cells to produce somatomedins that stimulate bone and cartilage growth

122
Q

Prolactin

A

helps in pregnancy and stimulates production and secretion of milk in females; helps control endocrine function of testes in males

123
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

controls skin pigmentation

124
Q

Endorphins/Enkephalins

A

help to control pain

125
Q

How are adrenocorticotropin, MSH, endorphins and enkephalins produced?

A

cleavage (proteolysis) of large, parent polypeptide called propio-melanocortin

126
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

don’t cross membrane

bind to integral membrane glycoprotein receptors, with catalytic activity on cytoplasm portion (ADH, insulin)

127
Q

What are 2 types of Water Soluble Hormones?

A
  1. tyrosine and tryptophan (epinephrine/norepinephrine, thyroxine, melatonin)
  2. peptide hormones (oxytocin, growth hormones, insulin)
128
Q

What do receptors activate?

A

protein kinases which phosphorylate other enzymes that become activated or inactivated

129
Q

What are the lipid soluble hormones?

A

steroid hormones

130
Q

What are the steroid hormones?

A

ketones or alcohols: estradiol, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol, cholesterol

131
Q

What are the 3 regulations of hormone receptors?

A
  1. normal signal
  2. Agonists
  3. Antagonists
132
Q

Normal signal

A

target cell has a signal - cell is happy with that one signal

133
Q

Agonists

A

lead to increased signal and down-regulation

-bind to the same receptor as neurotransmitter, elicit an effect that mimics that of the neurotransmitter

134
Q

Antagonists

A

lead to decreased signal and up-regulation

  • bind with receptor
  • block neurotransmitter’s response
135
Q

What happens with endocrine cells?

A

secrete chemicals that can stimulate or inhibit cellular actions

136
Q

How do the chemicals from endocrine system induce their effects?

A

induce effects locally and systematically

137
Q

What kinds of effects of hormones can there be?

A

species, time, cell and receptor specific

138
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

A

FSH, LH, Thyrotropin, ACTH

139
Q

What hormones does the Posterior Pituitary produce?

A

oxytocin (to uterus/breasts) and vasopressin (to kidney)

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