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LS 2 > Chapter 43: Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 43: Animal Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four sex steroids?

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Oestrogen
  3. Progesterone
  4. Testosterone
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2
Q

What happens to sex hormones before puberty?

A

held at low level due to negative feedback

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3
Q

What happens to sex hormones during puberty?

A

feedback loop is down regulated (Hypothalamic receptors for sex-hormones will become less sensitive.)

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4
Q

Gametes

A

eggs, sperm produced by meiosis

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5
Q

zygote

A

formed from the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization (diploid)

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6
Q

What processes in sexual reproduction lead to diversity?

A

gametogenesis and fertilization, through independent assortment and the recombination of alleles of chromosomes

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7
Q

Haploid

A

one set of chromosomes

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8
Q

Diploid

A

two sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

Gametogenesis

A

produces gametes in meiosis from the germ cell one

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10
Q

What are the two types of gametogenesis?

A
  1. Spermatogenesis

2. Oogenesis

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11
Q

What do the primary sex organs produce?

A

haploid cells via gametogenesis

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12
Q

What is the path of male sex organs to produce gametes?

A

testis–>spermatogonia–>sperm

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13
Q

What is the path of female organs to produce gametes?

A

ovary–>oogonia–>egg

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14
Q

What are the functions of the accessory sex organs?

A

facilitate fertilization (penis and vagina)

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15
Q

What is spermatogenesis and where does it occur?

A

it is the process of sperm production; occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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16
Q

How does spermatagonia proliferate, what type of division?

A

mitosis; throughout a male’s lifespan

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17
Q

How many sperm does a primary spermatocyte produce?

A

four haploid sperm: 2 with X and 2 with Y

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18
Q

Oogenesis: describe the pathway

A

female germ cell–>mitosis–>oogonium–>mitosis–>primary oocyte–>first meiotic division–>secondary oocyte(n) & first polar body–>second mitotic division–>ootid(n) & second polar body–>ovum(n) & polar bodies degrade

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19
Q

How many eggs does each oogonium produce?

A

one

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20
Q

In what form are the female sex cells stored and for how long?

A

primary oocyte stored in prophase for up to 50 years

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21
Q

When does the second mitotic division occur in oogenesis?

A

after fertilization.

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22
Q

Where does oogenesis occur

A

in fetal ovaries during gestation

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23
Q

how many primary oocytes exist at puberty?

A

~200,000

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24
Q

How many primary oocytes will mature during a woman’s fertile years?

A

~450

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25
Q

What is the optimal temperature for testes?

A

slightly lower than body temp

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26
Q

Where are the sperm produced?

A

seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

Where do the sperm mature?

A

epididymis

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28
Q

where do the sperm go after maturation?

A

to the urethra through vas deferens

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29
Q

Where does the production of semen occur?

A

in seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

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30
Q

How does semen exit body?

A

join in urethra and are ejaculated through the penis by muscle contractions

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31
Q

What is the composition breakdown of the semen?

A

5% sperm
70% seminal fluid (from seminal vesicles- thick mucus, protein, fructose, prostaglandins which cause contractions in females)
25% prostate fluid (thin, milky fluid that makes uterine environment more hospitable to sperm; enzymes that convert semen to gelatinous mass)

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32
Q

What are Leydig cells?

A

produce male sex hormones: testosterone

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33
Q

Name components of the sperm cell

A

acrosome tip, head containing nucleus, mid piece containing centriole and mitochondria

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34
Q

Describe the pathway of Spermatogenesis

A

primordial germ cell–>spermatogonia–>mitosis–>primary spermatocytes–>first meiotic division–>secondary spermatocytes–>second meiotic division–>spermatids & differentiating spermatids

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35
Q

Lumen

A

the most developed cells are on the inside and the least developed cells are on the outer part of this tubule

36
Q

Sertoli cells

A

nurture developing spermatids

37
Q

Sperm

A

mature version of spermatids. sperm travels down lumen, and has compact nucleus, little cytoplasm, and flagella-like tail and many mitochondria

38
Q

acrosome

A

head of the sperm which contains enzymes for entering the egg (breakdown)

39
Q

Epididymis

A

location where sperm mature and become fully motile

40
Q

Vas deferens

A

carries sperm to urethra

41
Q

Seminal vesicles and prostate gland

A

provide secretions to nurture and aid sperm during fertilization

42
Q

Penis

A

carries sperm to the outside

43
Q

Emission

A

sperm and secretions move to the base of the penis to form semen

44
Q

Ejaculation

A

occurs when the muscles at the base of the penis contract to force semen out of the urethra

45
Q

Positive feedback in male reproductive system?

A

hypothalamus produces GnRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH

46
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

47
Q

What does the release of LH cause?

A

Causes the Leydig cells to release testosterone

48
Q

What does the release of FSH cause?

A

promotes spermatogenesis by Sertoli cells

49
Q

Negative feedback in the Male reproductive system?

A

inhibin inhibits the production of GnRH and FSH, testosterone inhibits the production of GnRH and LH,, exogenous testosterone reduces output of GnRH, LH, FSH, reducing male effects

50
Q

Where do the eggs mature?

A

female ovaries

51
Q

What happens after the eggs mature?

A

swept into oviducts (fallopian tubes) by cilia

52
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

upper regions of oviducts

53
Q

What is the pathway of sperm deposited in the vagina?

A

move through the cervix into the uterus (womb), some continuing up through oviducts

54
Q

What happens as the zygote passes down the oviduct?

A

it becomes a blastocyst through cell divisons

55
Q

What happens when the blastocyst arrives in the uterus?

A

it implants in the endometrium, where a placenta forms and the embryo develops.

56
Q

what do ovaries produce?

A

hormones (estrogen and progesterone) and eggs

57
Q

What do estrogen and progesterone do?

A

regulate female development and the menstrual cycle. progesterone helps to maintain pregnancy

58
Q

what is the reproductive cycle of a female?

A

menstrual cycle (28 days)

59
Q

What is the pathway of the released egg?

A

ovum–>one end of the oviduct–>sweeps ovum to uterus–>fertilization occurs inside oviduct (fallopian tubes)

60
Q

What is the pathway of the primary oocyte?

A

primary oocyte is surrounded by layer of follicle cells. 2 wks: ovulation (rupture of follicle and release of egg) occurs. Follicle remains and forms corpus luteum, which produces estrogen and progesterone for about 2 weeks.

61
Q

Zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein envelope that interacts with sperm, initiates acrosomal reaction, and species-species recognition

62
Q

Cumulus (Corona Radiata) Slide 33

A

derived from follicle cells, assists in fertilization

63
Q

What does sperm penetration of egg trigger?

A

completion of second meiotic division, causes cortical granules to release contents, which render ZP impenetrable to further sperm

64
Q

What happens when acrosomal enzymes are released?

A

allows sperm to penetrate zona pellucid

65
Q

Follicles

A

eggs and surrounding cells; 6-12 grow and develop every month

66
Q

Secondary oocyte

A

when one follicle outgrowth the others to fully mature and contains this

67
Q

ovulation

A

process whereby a mature follicle erupts from the overt and the ovum is released towards one oviduct

68
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

consists of the remaining follicle cells that will produce estrogen and progesterone for up to 2 weeks after ovulation. Will degenerate if the egg is not fertilized

69
Q

Uterine cycle

A

if no blastocyst implanted, and corpus luteum stops producing progesterone, uterine lining deteriorates and sloughs off, which is called menstruation.

70
Q

What do the cells covering the blastocyst secrete with implantation?

A

hCG, progesterone, and estrogen

71
Q

Menstruation

A

sloughing off of the uterine lining (endometrium) if the egg is not fertilized. the endometrium supports the developing embryo.

72
Q

Timeline of Menstruation: Day 0, 0-12, 12-14

A

0: endometrium sloughs off during menstruation
0-12: GnRH, FSH, LH, ovarian E levels rise and some follicles start to mature
12-14: E exerts positive feedback on anterior pituitary so there is a LH and FSH surge. LH stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum

73
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce?

A

E and P, which promotes endometrial growth and exerts negative feedback on pituitary to prevent continued LH and FSH, suppressing ovulation.

74
Q

What happens when egg isn’t fertilized?

A

corpus luteum degenerates, endometrium sloughs off, E and P drops, GnRH, LH and FSH increase to trigger next cycle.

75
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

E, P, eggs

76
Q

Pregnancy

A

see slide 47

77
Q

Hormone levels before puberty?

A

low GnRH, LH, FSH

78
Q

Hormone levels at puberty?

A

increased GnRH, LH, FSH, mostly negative feedback between E, GnRH, LH, FSH between puberty and menopause

79
Q

Menopause

A

usually late 40’s, ovaries shrink and # of primary oocytes and follicle cells decrease, menstrual cycles become irregular between ages 45-50 and eventually stop, E&P levels drop, LH and FSH remain high for a while

80
Q

Theca Cells

A

produce testosterone

81
Q

Granulosa cells

A

convert testosterone to estrogen, secrete inhibin, nourish gamete

82
Q

What are some methods of contraception?

A

Vasectomy, Tubal Ligation,

83
Q

Birth control pill

A

E & P: decrease GnRH, Decrease LH and FSH

84
Q

What happens when there’s low E?

A

prevent new follicles from maturing

interfere with ovarian cycle

85
Q

Low P?

A

thicken uterine lining and neck of cervix–> blocks sperm cells ; low level of hormone to prevent surge

86
Q

The pill after:

A

Progesterone-inhibitor. binds to P receptors, interferes with normal signaling of progesterone and prevents stabilization of uterine lining.

LS 2 (6 decks)

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