Chapter 43: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

information processing system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

PNS

includes the afferent division, and efferent division (which splits into somatic and autonomic nervous systems)

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3
Q

Afferent division

A

Part of PNS

transmits sensory info; can determine significance of info after processing

Example: seeing colors, sensing motion in hair

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4
Q

Efferent division

A

Part of PNS

transmits motor info

includes the somatic and autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic) systems

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5
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

made up of motor and sensory neurons

includes voluntary movement and control

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

includes involuntary movement (adrenaline, dilated pupils, and heart racing)

parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

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7
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest response

slow heart rate, constrict pupils, stimulate salivation, stomach and intestine activity, contract bladder, inhibit release of glucose from liver

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8
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight or flight response

heart racing, pupils dilated, relax bladder, inhibit stomach and intestine activity, secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal glands

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9
Q

Neurons

A

fundamental parts of the brain and nervous system, recieve sensory inputs from external world

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10
Q

dendrites

A

convert chemical signals to electrical signals
 Chemical, sound based, light etc

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11
Q

cell body

A

where dendrites are attached to; integrates incoming electrical signals(what do to with them); If significant enough, sends signal down axon

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12
Q

Axon

A

conducts electrical signals
 Can be quite a long length!

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13
Q

three main types of neurons in nervous system

A

sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons

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14
Q

Sensory neurons

A

These are specialized neurons that are responsible for detecting sensory stimuli from the environment and transmitting this information to the central nervous system.

Sensory neurons have specialized receptor cells that respond to different types of stimuli such as light, sound, touch, temperature, and chemicals.

They are located in sensory organs such as the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin, and internal organs.

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

Interneurons are located in the spinal cord and brain and act as intermediaries between sensory neurons and motor neurons. They integrate and process the information received from sensory neurons and transmit signals to motor neurons or other interneurons. Interneurons are responsible for many of the complex functions of the nervous system such as perception, memory, learning, and decision-making.

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16
Q

Motor Neurons

A

These neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands, allowing for movement and secretion. Motor neurons are divided into two types: somatic motor neurons, which control voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, and autonomic motor neurons, which control involuntary movement of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.

17
Q

How does information flow in neurons?

A

dendrites (convert chemical signals to electrical signals) -> cell body (integrates incoming electrical signals ) -> axon (conducts electrical signals)

18
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

insulation of axon

Made up of Schwann Cells and Oligodendrocytes

19
Q

Immune system (neurons)

A

 Microglia are primary caretakers
 Astrocytes help

20
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

controls what gets in and out of nervous system

Astrocytes can do this

21
Q

Resting membrane/membrane potential

A

electrical potential difference across a biological membrane
o Created by separation of charged ions across the membrane; more positive ions on one side and more negative ions on the other side
o Difference in charge creates voltage gradient, measured in millivolts (mV)

22
Q

Contributors to membrane potential

A

Na/K pump

intracellular proteins

K leak channels

23
Q

Na/K pump

A

pushing out Na+, kicking in K+
* Does not affect -70mv (resting potential) until change happens with some other contributors

24
Q

Intracellular proteins

A
25
Q

K leak channels

A

strongest contributor to membrane potential! Puts in motion of change with other contributors; allows K+ to diffuse in and out

26
Q

3 main changes to membrane potential

A

polarization, depolarization, and hyperpolarization

repolarization involved in some ways

27
Q

Polarization

A

refers to the state of the membrane potential when there is a separation of charge across the membrane, resulting in voltage difference between inside and outside the cell

 Can happen when inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside

28
Q

Depolarization

A

often referred to as excitatory stimulus
o Membrane potential becomes less polarized; voltage difference across membrane is smaller
o Occurs when positively charged ions enter the cell or negatively charged ions exit the cell
o KEY STEP in generation of action potentials

29
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

often referred to as inhibition
o Membrane potential becomes more polarized, voltage difference across membrane becomes larger
o Negatively charged ions enter the cell or positively charged ions exit the cell
o Harder to create an action potential, is increasing difference the action potential must overcome

30
Q

Repolarization

A

involves multiple excitatory events that cause greater depolarization (can lead to action potentials)

31
Q

Graded potentials

A

 Driven by opening and closing of ligand-gated ion channels
 When a ligan (acetylcholine) binds a receptor, a sodium channels is opened
* Membrane will then experience small, brief depolarization

32
Q

Give a summary of the ability of graded potentials to combine

A

1) Depolarization: often referred to as excitatory stimulus
2) Multiple excitatory events cause greater depolarization
3) Hyperpolarization: often referred to as inhibition
* 4) summarization/summation of 1, 2, and 3
* ** If enough summarization/summation occurs, you can produce action potentials!