Chapter 42: Circulation and Gases Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System

A

how ventilation and diffusion at the respiratory surface are accomplished

Collection of cells tissues and organs responsible for gas exchange

Skin in some animals, in most species located in specialized organ like lungs, gills, or tracheae

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2
Q

Circulatory System

A

responsible for moving O2, CO2, and other materials around the body

Many cases, involved muscular heart rate propels special liquid transport tissue through the body

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3
Q

Lungs of Snails and spiders

A

simple lungs, air movement takes places via diffusion only

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4
Q

Vertebrate Lungs

A

actively ventilate lungs by pumping air via muscular contractions

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5
Q

Two mechanisms of lung structure

A

positive pressure ventilation, used by frogs

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6
Q

Two mechanisms of lung structure

A

positive pressure ventilation, used by frogs

negative pressure ventilation, used by humans and other mammals

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7
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

volume goes down, pressure goes up (vice versa)

Two steps involved: inhalation and exhalation

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8
Q

Inhalation

A

Diaphragm moves down, pressure in chest cavity is lowered

This causes the lungs to expand and air to move in

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9
Q

Exhalation

A

Diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity decreases and air is exhaled

Passive process! Driven by elastic recoil of lungs and chest walls, diaphragm and rib muscles relax

**energy demanding/active during exercise

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10
Q

How do vertebrate lungs work?

A

Air enters body through the mouth and nose

Trachea carries inhaled air to narrow tubes called bronchi

Bronchi: they branch off into even narrower tubes called bronchioles

Lung: organ of ventilation

Examples: animals, such as fished, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

Lungs can vary in structure! BUT they all have these structures in general

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11
Q

Frog and Amphibian Lungs

A

lung is simple sac lined with blood vessels

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12
Q

Mammalian lungs

A

divided into tiny sacs called alveoli

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13
Q

Alveoli

A

greatly increase the surface area for gas exchange; provide an interface between air and blood (0.2 micrometers) that consists of:
* Thin aqueous film
* Layer of epithelial cells
* ECM: extracellular matrix material
* Wall of a capillary
 Humans have approx. 150 million alveoli

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14
Q

Oxygen process in red blood cells

A

Red blood cells use hemoglobin to carry Oxygen: Oxygen loads onto hemoglobin; Hemoglobin carries up to 4 oxygen molecules

Up to 1 billion oxygen molecules;250 million or so hemoglobin molecules per RBC

Oxygen unloads once the RBCs get to capillaries in systemic tissues

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15
Q

Dalton’s Law of partial pressures

A

gases are transported and unload on tissues; Oxygen unloads into tissues because oxygen is consumed there

CO2 generated in tissues and loads into blood

each gas has its own partial pressure (fraction of total pressure)

Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2 – fraction of oxygen in the gas) is lower in the tissues than in the lungs

Flow from high to low, (A PRESSURE GRADIENT)
o Moves from high PO2 to low PO2
o Moves from low PCO2 to high PCO2

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16
Q

Functions of Circulatory system

A

Transport:
O2 and nutrients to tissues (in arterial blood) CO2 and wastes away from tissues for elimination

Regulation
o Hormone transport
o Temperature regulation: Radiate heat to the environment to cool off, storing it to keep warm

Protection
o Blood clotting: Seals up gas in circulatory system
o Immune defense

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17
Q

materials in blood

A

plasma, RBCs, WBCs, platelets, blood vessels

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18
Q

Plasma

A

liquid portion -> 55%
o Contains ions, electrolytes, various nutrients, various wastes, various hormones, various proteins, etc.

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19
Q

Red blood cells

A

erythrocytes, O2 and CO2 transport

20
Q

White blood cells

A

leukocytes, immune response

21
Q

Platelets

A

blood clotting

22
Q

Blood vessels

A

Blood leaves heart through arteries which branch into arterioles, which branch into very thin capillaries

Blood returns to the heart from tissues through venules, that lead to veins

23
Q

Capillaries

A

small spaces closest to tissues of cells to transport oxygen

made up of nucleus, endothelial cells, and basement membrane

Change from veins to capillaries happens in capillary beds

24
Q

Veins and arteries

A

contain fibrous, muscle, and elastic tissue, as well as endothelium

muscle tissue and fibrous tissue in arteries quite thick compared to veins

vein tissue levels all quite thin

25
Q

Process of blood in blood vessels

A

Arteries and arterioles: Carry blood from heart to tissues

Smooth muscle vasoconstricts which slows/decreases blood flow

Smooth muscle vasodilates, which increases blood flow

Capillaries: Arterioles divide into capillaries in systemic tissue, for gas exchange

Venules and veins: Collect blood from capillaries, return to heart; Much less smooth muscle; pressure low

26
Q

Why is there one way blood flow through veins?

A

Flap of tissue/valve to prevent blood from going wrong direction

Contraction of skeletal muscle helps propel blood through veins

Valves prevent back-up of blood, even with low blood pressure in veins; it can only move toward heart

27
Q

Thermoregulation in blood

A

Body uses Precapillary sphincters:

can contract, diverts blood away from skin; More blood in the veins than capillary; Decrease in heat loos across epidermis; Traps more heat in body (when it is cold out)

28
Q

Reynaud’s syndrom

A

Individual experiences extreme contraction of precapillary sphincters

Experience painful cold in what is considered normal cold temperatures (40 degrees)

29
Q

Fish Circulatory/Respiratory system

A

Fish experiences gas exchange across gills (since they do not have lungs like mammals/humans do)

Fish has single atrium; Differ to other organisms

30
Q

Amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammalian circulation

A

Evolution toward two circuits, based upon environmental constraints; Two circuits based on pressure put on capillaries (Wants to be able to handle pressures in their heart and bodies from environment)

pulmonary and systemic

31
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

oxygenate blood, Associated with right side of heart

Blood enters right atrium on return from body; Blood enters right ventricle; Blood pumped to lungs from right ventricle

32
Q

Systemic circulation

A

oxygenate body; Associated with left side of heart

Blood returns to left atrium from lunsg; Blood enters left ventricle; Blood pumped to body from left ventricle; Back to pulmonary circulation

33
Q

Fish circulation and respiratory system

A

Have Gills

1 circuit; 2-chambered heart

1 atria, 1 ventricle

34
Q

Amphibian circulation and respiratory systems

A

2 circuits, Gas exchange in lungs, Gas exchange in body

2 circuits not completely separate

1 ventricle, 2 atria

Atria fills ventricles on one side, another atria fills another side; Still only connected to one ventricle

Mix of oxygenated and deoxogyenated blood (since they get some oxygen through their skin)

35
Q

The circulatory systems of turtles, lizards, and snakes

A

2 circuits

3 chambered heart

1 ventricle, 2 atria

36
Q

Mammalian, Crocodile and bird heart systems

A

2 cirucits: Left atria, left ventricle, out to right atria, right ventricle out to left again

4 chambered heart: 2 atria, 2 ventricles

**extra “purple” vein for crocodiles for purpose of extra carbon dioxide getting to stomach, to synthesize stomach acids(such as carbonic acid) from bones they consume

37
Q

Circulation directions of mammals and birds

A

Right atrium -> right ventricle -> lungs ->
Left atrium -> left ventricle -> body (returns to right atrium/step 1 after this

38
Q

Electrical Excitation and Contraction of Heart

A

Action potentials in heart cause contraction

Sinoatrial (SA) node: group of pacemaker cells that generate spontaneous action potentials

Atrioventricular (AV) node: receives input/signals from SA node
(Passes it to ventricles; If SA node is injured, can take over responsibility to some degree)

39
Q

Pattern of Depolarization in electrical activation of heart

A

SA node in atrium

Action potential spreads over atria; atria contract

Signal goes to AV node, Signal spreads to ventricles to create ventricle contraction; Ventricles relax

**EKG/ECG used to record this, detects fluctuations

NOT ACTION POTENTIALS; Total activity of entire heart through muscle, skin, and bone

40
Q

Cardiac Output

A

How much blood is moved out of the heart over time

Blood volume pumped per minute

Combo of heart rate and stroke volume
CO = HR x SV

41
Q

Stroke Volume

A

blood kicked out with each heart beat; blood volume per beat of heart

Volume of blood in ventricle
o Determines blood ejected from ventricle

Strength of contraction
o Determines blood ejected from ventricle
(**Sympathetic increases force of contraction)

2 factors coincide, but not the same

42
Q

Heart rate

A

Determined by number of A.P.s at SA node

43
Q

Trachycardia

A

abnormally fast HR

Greater than 100 BPM at rest (like when sitting taking notes)

44
Q

Bradycardia

A

abnormally slow HR, Less than 45-50 BPM at rest (sitting taking notes)

Normal during sleep

45
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Measured as systolic vs diastolic
Systolic/diastolic -> average 110/70

Systolic pressure: During contraction
Diastolic pressure: Pressure between heartbeats

46
Q

Atrial blood pressure

A

Depends on cardiac output and resistance to flow

Cardiac output: example of blood volume and HR
Resistance to flow: due to vasoconstriction!

Unhealthy diet can cause constriction

47
Q

Prevalent cardiovascular diseases

A

Hypertension ( caused possibly by Obesity, Smoking, Stress, Others)

Atherosclerosis: accumulation of fatty materials and cellular debris (from Smoking, high cholesterol, genetics; Can lead to hypertension)

Can be many relationships between diseases such as these