chapter 42: orthopedics Flashcards
synthesize non mineralized bone cortex
osteoblasts
reabsorb bone
osteoclasts
stages of healing
1) inflammation
2) soft callus formation
3) mineralization of the callus
4) remodeling of the callus
receives nutrients from synovial fluid (osmotic)
cartilage
fractures: cross the epiphyseal plate and can affect the growth plate of the bone; need ORIF
Salter-Harris fractures 3, 4, and 5
fractures: closed reduction
Salter-Harris fractures 1 and 2
epiphysiolysis of the involved growth plate without associated fracture
salter-harris type 1 fracture
epiphysiolysis of the involved growth plate without associated fracture; additional metaphysical fracture fragment
salter-harris type 2 fracture
salter harris fracture: good prognosis and are usually treated with closed reduction and casting
type 1 and 2 fractures
injury results in a fracture through the growth plate and epiphysis
type 3 fracture
fracture cross the epiphysis, growth plate (physis), and metaphysis
type 4 fracture
injuries require careful ORIF if displaced
type 3 and 4 fractures
involves a crush of the growth plate without a fracture and is usually detected late by asymmetric or premature closure of the growth plate
type 5 injury
fractures associated with avascular necrosis (AVN)
scaphoid, femoral neck, talus
fractures associated with nonunion
clavicle, 5th metatarsal fracture (Jones’ fracture)
fractures associated with compartment syndrome
supracondylar humerus, tibia
biggest risk factor for nonunion
smoking
LE nerve: hip adduction
obturator nerve
LE nerve: hip abduction
superior gluteal nerve
LE nerve: hip extension
inferior gluteal nerve
LE nerve: knee extension
femoral nerve
presents with back pain, sciatica
herniated nucleous pulposus
nerve root compression affects 1 nerve root below disc
lumbar disc herniation
Lumbar disc herniation: weak hip flexion
L3 nerve compression (L2-3 disc)
Lumbar disc herniation: weak knee extension (quadriceps), weak patellar reflex
L4 nerve compression (L3-4 disc)