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General Biology 1 > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

1
Q

Exchange

A

exchanging materials with their environments

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2
Q

Do all organisms have to exchange materials with their environments

A

Yes

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3
Q

Diffusion (in exchange)

A

only efficient over short distances in exchange; small organisms, thin body walls

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4
Q

How are larger body plans and thicker cell walls compensated for?

A

circulatory systems or gastrovascular cavities

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5
Q

Gastrovascular cavities

A

function for digestion and distribution (ex: jellyfish); NOT in humans

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6
Q

Are gastrovascular cavities a circulatory system?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the types of circulatory systems?

A

open and closed

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8
Q

What type of circulatory systems do humans have

A

closed

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9
Q

What do circulatory systems have?

A

circulatory fluid, interconnecting vessels, muscular pump (heart)

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10
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

a form of a closed circulatory system; found in all vertebrates

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11
Q

Can blood go in multiple directions in the vessels?

A

No; blood flow only goes in one direction in the vessels

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12
Q

What vessels is the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of?

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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13
Q

What order/cycle does blood flow occur in?

A

heart > artery > arteriole > capillary bed > venule > vein

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14
Q

How many chambers does a vertebrate heart have?

A

2 (single circuit)

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15
Q

What are the two chambers of the vertebrate heart?

A

atrium and ventricle

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16
Q

Atrium

A

the chamber of the heart where blood ENTERS

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17
Q

Ventricle

A

the chamber of the heart where blood EXITS

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18
Q

What are the types of double circuit?

A

pulmonary (HEART to LUNGS), pulmocutaneous circuit (HEART to LUNGS/SKIN), systemic (oxygen rich blood out to body)

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19
Q

What causes the “lub-dub” noise of the heartbeat?

A

blood bouncing off the valves

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20
Q

What are the valves of the heart?

A

atriobentricular valves (LUB) and semilunar valves (DUB)

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21
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

separate each atrium and ventricle (LUB)

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22
Q

Semilunar valves

A

control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery (DUB)

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23
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart

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24
Q

Systole

A

contraction or pumping phase

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25
Diastole
relaxation or filling phase
26
Heart rate
AKA the pulse; number of beats per minute
27
Stroke volume
amount of blood pumped in a single contraction
28
Cardiac output
volume of blood pumped into the systemic circuit per minute; dependent on heart rate and stroke volume
29
EKG (P)
atrial contraction
30
EKG (QRT)
ventricular contraction
31
EKG (T)
ventricular repolarization/relaxation
32
Endothelium
smooth, epithelial layer that lines the blood vessels
33
lumen
central cavity of the arteries and veins
34
Do arteries or veins have thicker walls?
arteries; higher pressure of blood flowing away from heart
35
Capillaries
where exchange occurs
36
What do capillaries help with the exchange of?
nutrients, waste, gases
37
Is velocity and flow slow or fast in the capillaries?
slow (slowest in the circulatory system)
38
Blood pressure
pressure that blood exerts against wall of vessel
39
Osmotic pressure
pulls water into the blood
40
How are goods exchanged?
blood and osmotic pressure
41
What is the average adult blood pressure?
120/80 mm Hg
42
Lymphatic system
returns fluid that leaks out from the capillary beds back into the bloodstream
43
Lymph
fluid of the lymphatic system (the fluid that is leaked out and returned by the lymphatic system)
44
Lymph nodes
filter lymph
45
What system do lymph nodes have a role in?
immune system
46
What do blood components contribute to?
exchange, transport, defense
47
Plasma
liquid base of the blood (90% water); platelets, erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC)
48
What do the proteins of plasma influence?
blood pH, osmotic pressure, viscosity
49
Platelets
fragments of cells involved in clotting
50
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
Most numerous blood cells that contain hemoglobin (protein that transports oxygen)
51
White blood cells (leukocytes)
blood cells that function in defense; phagocytize bacteria and debris by producing antibodies
52
Coagulation
formation of a solid clot from liquid blood
53
Thrombus
blood clot formed within blood vessel that blocks blood flow
54
What source does RBC, WBC, and platelets develop from?
stem cells
55
red marrow of bones
ribs, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis
56
Atherosclerosis
build up of plaque in the arteries
57
Stent
opens artery to allow for more blood flow (bypass if stent doesn't work)
58
Heart attack
death of cardiac muscle tissue because blood flow is blocked to that region of the heart
59
Stroke
death of nervous tissue in the brain that is usually caused by rupture or blockage of arteries in the head that cut off blood supply to a specific region
60
LDL
delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production (BAD cholesterol)
61
HDL
scavenges cholesterol for return to the liver (GOOD cholesterol)
62
What are the risks for heart disease?
increased high LDL to HDL ratio, inflammation, hypertension
63
Partial pressure
pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
64
Alveoli
air sacs at tips of bronchioles
65
Surfactants
coat surface of alveoli
66
Muciliary escalator
cleans respiratory systems; cilia and mucus line epithelium of air ducts and move particles up to the pharynx

General Biology 1 (3 decks)

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