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General Biology 1 > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

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1
Q

Exchange

A

exchanging materials with their environments

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2
Q

Do all organisms have to exchange materials with their environments

A

Yes

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3
Q

Diffusion (in exchange)

A

only efficient over short distances in exchange; small organisms, thin body walls

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4
Q

How are larger body plans and thicker cell walls compensated for?

A

circulatory systems or gastrovascular cavities

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5
Q

Gastrovascular cavities

A

function for digestion and distribution (ex: jellyfish); NOT in humans

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6
Q

Are gastrovascular cavities a circulatory system?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the types of circulatory systems?

A

open and closed

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8
Q

What type of circulatory systems do humans have

A

closed

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9
Q

What do circulatory systems have?

A

circulatory fluid, interconnecting vessels, muscular pump (heart)

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10
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

a form of a closed circulatory system; found in all vertebrates

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11
Q

Can blood go in multiple directions in the vessels?

A

No; blood flow only goes in one direction in the vessels

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12
Q

What vessels is the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of?

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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13
Q

What order/cycle does blood flow occur in?

A

heart > artery > arteriole > capillary bed > venule > vein

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14
Q

How many chambers does a vertebrate heart have?

A

2 (single circuit)

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15
Q

What are the two chambers of the vertebrate heart?

A

atrium and ventricle

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16
Q

Atrium

A

the chamber of the heart where blood ENTERS

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17
Q

Ventricle

A

the chamber of the heart where blood EXITS

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18
Q

What are the types of double circuit?

A

pulmonary (HEART to LUNGS), pulmocutaneous circuit (HEART to LUNGS/SKIN), systemic (oxygen rich blood out to body)

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19
Q

What causes the “lub-dub” noise of the heartbeat?

A

blood bouncing off the valves

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20
Q

What are the valves of the heart?

A

atriobentricular valves (LUB) and semilunar valves (DUB)

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21
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

separate each atrium and ventricle (LUB)

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22
Q

Semilunar valves

A

control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery (DUB)

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23
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart

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24
Q

Systole

A

contraction or pumping phase

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25
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation or filling phase

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26
Q

Heart rate

A

AKA the pulse; number of beats per minute

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27
Q

Stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

28
Q

Cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped into the systemic circuit per minute; dependent on heart rate and stroke volume

29
Q

EKG (P)

A

atrial contraction

30
Q

EKG (QRT)

A

ventricular contraction

31
Q

EKG (T)

A

ventricular repolarization/relaxation

32
Q

Endothelium

A

smooth, epithelial layer that lines the blood vessels

33
Q

lumen

A

central cavity of the arteries and veins

34
Q

Do arteries or veins have thicker walls?

A

arteries; higher pressure of blood flowing away from heart

35
Q

Capillaries

A

where exchange occurs

36
Q

What do capillaries help with the exchange of?

A

nutrients, waste, gases

37
Q

Is velocity and flow slow or fast in the capillaries?

A

slow (slowest in the circulatory system)

38
Q

Blood pressure

A

pressure that blood exerts against wall of vessel

39
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

pulls water into the blood

40
Q

How are goods exchanged?

A

blood and osmotic pressure

41
Q

What is the average adult blood pressure?

A

120/80 mm Hg

42
Q

Lymphatic system

A

returns fluid that leaks out from the capillary beds back into the bloodstream

43
Q

Lymph

A

fluid of the lymphatic system (the fluid that is leaked out and returned by the lymphatic system)

44
Q

Lymph nodes

A

filter lymph

45
Q

What system do lymph nodes have a role in?

A

immune system

46
Q

What do blood components contribute to?

A

exchange, transport, defense

47
Q

Plasma

A

liquid base of the blood (90% water); platelets, erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC)

48
Q

What do the proteins of plasma influence?

A

blood pH, osmotic pressure, viscosity

49
Q

Platelets

A

fragments of cells involved in clotting

50
Q

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

A

Most numerous blood cells that contain hemoglobin (protein that transports oxygen)

51
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes)

A

blood cells that function in defense; phagocytize bacteria and debris by producing antibodies

52
Q

Coagulation

A

formation of a solid clot from liquid blood

53
Q

Thrombus

A

blood clot formed within blood vessel that blocks blood flow

54
Q

What source does RBC, WBC, and platelets develop from?

A

stem cells

55
Q

red marrow of bones

A

ribs, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis

56
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

build up of plaque in the arteries

57
Q

Stent

A

opens artery to allow for more blood flow (bypass if stent doesn’t work)

58
Q

Heart attack

A

death of cardiac muscle tissue because blood flow is blocked to that region of the heart

59
Q

Stroke

A

death of nervous tissue in the brain that is usually caused by rupture or blockage of arteries in the head that cut off blood supply to a specific region

60
Q

LDL

A

delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production (BAD cholesterol)

61
Q

HDL

A

scavenges cholesterol for return to the liver (GOOD cholesterol)

62
Q

What are the risks for heart disease?

A

increased high LDL to HDL ratio, inflammation, hypertension

63
Q

Partial pressure

A

pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

64
Q

Alveoli

A

air sacs at tips of bronchioles

65
Q

Surfactants

A

coat surface of alveoli

66
Q

Muciliary escalator

A

cleans respiratory systems; cilia and mucus line epithelium of air ducts and move particles up to the pharynx

General Biology 1 (3 decks)

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