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General Biology 1 > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

biological FORM of an organism

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2
Q

Physiology

A

biological FUNCTIONS of an organism

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3
Q

What are the animal physical laws?

A

govern certain traits of animals: strength, diffusion rates, movement, heat exchange

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4
Q

What does an organism exchange with its environment?

A

Nutrients, waste products, gases

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5
Q

How do organisms exchange with the environment?

A

Being single celled (sufficient surface area) and having thin body walls (to facilitate diffusion)

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6
Q

How are nutrients distributed in organisms?

A

Circulatory system

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7
Q

What are adaptations that allow exchange of materials with the environment?

A

Extensive branching or folded structures, interstitial fluid

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8
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid between cells

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9
Q

What the systems of distribution within the organism?

A

Digestive, circulatory, and respiratory system

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10
Q

What are the main categories of tissue?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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11
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

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12
Q

What are the cell shapes of epithelial cells?

A

cubodial, columnar, squamous

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13
Q

What are the different arrangements of epithelial cells?

A

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

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14
Q

Is epithelial tissue polar or nonpolar?

A

polar

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15
Q

What is the side of epithelial cell that faces the exterior?

A

apical surface

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16
Q

What is the side of the epithelial cell that faces the interior?

A

basal surface

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17
Q

Connective tissue

A

binds and supports other tissues

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18
Q

What are the major types of connective tissue?

A

Loose, fibrous, bone, adipose, blood, cartilage

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19
Q

What are the connective tissue fibers?

A

collagenous, reticular, elastic

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20
Q

What are the cells within connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts and macrophages

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21
Q

Muscle tissue

A

responsible for almost all types of body movement

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22
Q

What are the muscle cells?

A

actin and myosin

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23
Q

What are the muscle types?

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

24
Q

Nervous tissue

A

receives, processes, and transmits information

25
Why do we need coordination and control?
maintains homeostasis, performs bodily functions, in a regulated way, controls voluntary movements and functions
26
What systems do coordination and control depend on?
endocrine and nervous system
27
Regulator
Uses internal controls to change their internal environment when the external environment fluctuates
28
Conformer
Allows their internal environment to fluctuate with the external environment
29
Set point
moving above or below serves as a stimulus (ex: room temperature)
30
Acclimatization
adjusting to the external environment (ex: circadian rhythm)
31
Thermoregulation
process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
32
Endothermic animals
generate heat through METABOLISM
33
Ectothermic animals
gain heat from EXTERNAL SOURCES
34
Poikilotherm
body temperature varies because it changes with its environment
35
Homeotherm
body temperature is relatively constant
36
How do animals maintain body temp?
Radiation of heat, evaporative cooling, convection, conduction
37
How is heat regulated?
integumentary system
38
Integumentary system
outer covering of the body
39
What adaptations help animals thermoregulate?
insulation, circulatory adaptations, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavior responses, adjusting metabolic heat production
40
What controls thermoregulation in mammals?
hypothalamus
41
Fever
increase in normal range for biological thermostat
42
What responses occur to cold temperature?
vasoconstriction, shivering, piloerection, curling up
43
What responses occur to hot temperature?
vasodilation, sweating, pilorelaxation, stretching out
44
What are energy requirements related to?
size, activity level, environment
45
Autotrophs
self feeders; harness light energy to build energy-rich molecules; organisms doing photosynthesis
46
Heterotrophs
other feeders; harvest chemical energy from food; organisms eating animals
47
What does biosynthesis do?
body growth, body repair, synthesis of storage materials like fat, production of gametes
48
Metabolic rate
amount of energy an animal uses in unit of time
49
What is metabolic rate determined by?
Heat loss, amount of oxygen consumed/CO2 lost, measuring amount of energy consumed/lost
50
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
metabolic rate of an ENDOTHERM at rest at a "comfortable" temperature
51
Standard metabolic rate (SMR)
metabolic rate of an ECTOTHERM at rest at a specific temperature
52
What factors affect metabolic rate?
Size, age, sex, activity level, temperature, nutrition
53
Torpor
physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
54
What are types of torpor?
hibernation, estivation, daily torpor
55
Hibernation
form of long term torpor; adaptation to cold WINTERS and food scarcity
56
Estivation
SUMMER torpor; enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water
57
Daily torpor
adapted to feeding patterns; small mammals and birds

General Biology 1 (3 decks)

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