chapter 41 - animal nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
required materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules (spell)
A
essential nutrients
2
Q
four classes of essential nutrients
A
- essential amino acids (meat, eggs, tofu)
- essential fatty acids (fish oil, flaxseed, walnut)
- vitamins (carrot, sun)
- minerals (calcium, iron, potassium)
3
Q
11 amino acids can be synthesized from
A
molecules in diet; body can make them
4
Q
9 amino acids - essential amino acids
A
must be obtained from food in prefabricated form (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine)
PVT TIM HALL
5
Q
complete proteins
A
has all essential amino acids; meat, eggs, and cheese
6
Q
plant proteins
A
incomplete in amino acid composition (low or lacing in 1+of the amino acids); vegetarians can eat varied diet of plant proteins
7
Q
essential fatty acids
A
- must be obtained for diet
- include unsaturated fatty acid
8
Q
organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts (spell)
A
vitamins
9
Q
fat-soluble vitamins
A
- A, D, E, and K
- stored for a long time
- pose a greater risk for toxicity than water-soluble vitamins
10
Q
water soluble vitamins
A
- C and B complex (thaimin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, cobalamin, and beta-carotene)
- comes out via urine
11
Q
simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts (spell)
A
minerals
12
Q
humans require >200 mg/day of…
A
Ca, P, S, K, Cl, Na, Mg
13
Q
minerals required in moderate amounts
A
Fe, F, and I
14
Q
minerals required in trace amounts
A
Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn
15
Q
toxic metals within some minerals
A
mercury and lead
16
Q
what happens when you ingest too many minerals?
A
too much iron = organ damage; too much sodium = high blood pressure; toxicity and mineral balance
17
Q
malnutrition
A
a failure to obtain adequate nutrition
18
Q
urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality fresh food
A
food desert
19
Q
undernourishment
A
results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy
20
Q
undernourishment diseases
A
Kwashiorkor, Scurvey, Rickets, Pellagra, Menkes Disease
21
Q
the act of eating or feeding (spell)
A
ingestion
22
Q
sifting small food particles from the water (spell)
A
filter feeding
23
Q
animals that live in or on their food source (spell)
A
substrate feeders
24
Q
suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host (spell)
A
fluid feeders
25
eat relatively large pieces of food (spell)
bulk feeders
26
the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb (spell)
digestion
27
uptake of small molecules by body cells (spell)
absorption
28
undigested material out of the digestive system (spell)
elimination
29
intracellular digestion, food particles are engulfed by____ _____
phagocytosis and liquids by pinocytosis; animals like sponge and amoebas
30
functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients (spell)
gastrovascular cavity
31
the breakdown of food particles outside of cells, in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animal’s body
extracellular digestion; humans and most animals
32
digestive tube - complete digestive tract (spell)
alimentary canal
33
food processing begins where?
oral cavity
34
deliver salivate to lubricate (spell)
salivary glands; in the mouth
35
saliva contains _____, a viscous mixture of salts, cells, and glyocporteins
mucus
36
which enzyme breaks down starch? (spell)
amylase
37
the tongue movements shape food into a... (spell)
lubricated ball of chewed food
bolus
38
the throat is also known as...
pharynx, opens to the esophagus and trachea
39
esophagus connects to this; organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion (spell)
stomach
40
trachea leads to...
lungs
41
rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal (spell)
peristalsis
42
valves that regulate the movement of material bw compartments (spell)
sphincters
43
where are sphincter muscles located?
- esophagus (bw throat and stomach)
- pyloric sphincter, (bw stomach and small intest)
- illeacal valve (bw small and large intest)
- anal (internal and external)
- urinary (control release of urine)
44
stores food and processes into a liquid suspension
stomach; secrets gastric juice
45
mixture of ingested food and gastric juice called (spell)
chyme
46
gastric juice and pH
low pH of 2, kills bacteria and denatures protein; made of HCl and pepsin
47
breaks peptide bonds to cleave proteins into smaller peptides; digests proteins by hydrolysis (spell)
protease
48
how do ulcers form?
- sore or open lesion in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, by damage to the mucus barrier that protects against stomach acid.
- H. pylori or long term NSAID use
49
what is acid reflux, how can it be treated, and what are the risks if it's left untreated long-term?
- stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, often due to a weakened lower esophageal sphincter
- chest pain, sour taste, etc
- antacids (pepcid, zantac, etc.)
- can lead to ulcers, esophagitis, proceed to cancer
50
activated to pepsin when mixed w/ HCl in stomach; inactive form of pepsin secreted by chief cells located in gastric pits of the stomach (spell)
pepsinogen
51
an enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the
hydrolysis of proteins (spell)
pepsin
52
the ~30 feet long, and most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules occurs here (spell)
small intestine
53
the first portion of the small intestine (spell)
duodenum
54
gland that functions in digestion, secreting
enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small
intestine, homeostasis, secreting the
hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood; produces the proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin, activated in the lumen of the duodenum (spell)
pancreas; behind stomach
55
bile is made in the...
liver; upper right abdomen
56
bile is stored in the...
gallblader; beneath liver
57
function of bile
digestion of fat, destroys non-functional red blood cells
58
large vessel that conveys nutrient-laden blood
from the small intestine to the liver, which
regulates the blood’s nutrient content; villi to liver to heart (spell)
hepatic portal vein
59
finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the small intestine, facilitating nutrient absorption (spell)
villi and microvilli
60
lipid transport globule composed of fats mixed
with cholesterol and coated with proteins; produced in the intestine after a meal (spell)
chylomicrons
61
a lymphatic vessel in each villus to which chylomicrons are transported (spell)
lacteal
62
alimentary canal ends with the ______ _____ (spell)
- large intestine, 6 ft long; includes colon, caecum, and rectum
- water and mineral absorption, formation of feces
63
leads to the rectum and anus; largest section, water absorption + feces (spell)
colon
64
aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet (spell)
blind pouch forming one branch of the large
intestine
cecum
65
small, finger-like extension of the cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity (spell)
appendix, plays minor role in immunity
66
the wastes of the digestive system, become more solid as they move through the colon (spell)
feces
67
dentition
animal's assortment of teeth, structural variation reflecting diet
68
human teeth
32 teeth in a full adult human set (omnivore)
8 incisors
4 canines
8 premolars
12 molars (including wisdom teeth)
69
why do herbivores and omnivores generally have longer alimentary canals?
need longer time to digest vegetation
70
the collection of microorganisms living on the body (spell)
microbiome
71
mutualistic adaptations in herbivores
- fermentation chambers where microorganisms digest cellulose
- rabbits and rodents pass food through alimentary canal twice
- most elaborate adaptations for an herbivorous diet have evolved in the animals called ruminants
72
mutualistic adaptations in humans
- gut microbiome: bacteria help digest food
- skin microbiome
- oral microbiome
73
a common tool for estimating a healthy weight
body mass index (BMI); weight in kg/height^2 in m or weight in lb/height^2 in inches times 703
74
site for glucose homeostasis
liver
75
carb-rich meal raises...
insulin levels, triggers synthesis of glycogen
76
low blood sugar causes glucagon to stimulate breakdown of...
glycogen and release glucose
77
glucose not regulated properly
chronically high blood sugar, hyperglycemia, organ damage, nerve issues, etc. long term diabetes
78
what cells make glucagon?
alpha cells
79
what cells make insulin?
beta cells
80
disease caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues (spell)
diabetes mellitus
81
type 1 diabetes
- autoimmune disorder, destruction of beta cells
- usually appearing during childhood
- insulin injections several times a day
82
type 2 diabetes
- non-insulin-dependent diabetes, failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin
- excess body weight + lack of exercise increase risk
- usually appear after age 40 but could be earlier if sedentary
83
overnourishment
causes obesity, which results from excessive intake of food energy with the excess stored as fat
84
obesity contributes to...
type 2 diabetes, colon + breast cancer, heart attacks, strokes
85
hormone secreted by the stomach wall, triggers feelings of hunger before meals (spell)
ghrelin
86
hormones secreted by the small intestine after meals, both suppress appetite (spell)
insulin and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)
87
produced by adipose (fat) tissue, also suppresses appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels (spell)
leptin
