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chapter 33 - intro to invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

invertebrates lack…

A

a backbone

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2
Q

what percent of known animal species are invertebrates?

A

95%

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3
Q

porifera

A
  • informally sponges
  • sedentary and live in SW or FW
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4
Q

what are filter feeders?

A

animals that capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their bodies; SPONGES

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5
Q

spongocoel

A

a cavity through which pores of filter feeders draw up water

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6
Q

osculum

A

opening through which water leaves the pores

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7
Q

choanocytes

A

type of sponge cell; flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through sponge and ingest suspended food

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8
Q

mesohyl layer

A

sponges have this gelatinous noncellular layer between two cell layers

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9
Q

amoebocytes

A

type of totipotent sponge cell, found in mesohyl, play roles in digestion + create skeletal fibers

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10
Q

hermaphrodites

A

each individual functions as both male and female; most sequential, first as one sex then as the other.

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11
Q

clade Eumetazoa

A

all except porifera, animals with true tissues

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12
Q

phylum cnidaria

A
  • part of Eumetazoa, one of the oldest
  • both sessile and motile
  • diploblastic + radial
  • body plan: sac w/ a central digestive compartment, gastrovascular cavity
  • single opening functions as mouth and anus
  • sessile polyp and motile medusa
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13
Q

sessile polyp

A

cnidarians, adheres to substrate by aboral end of its body (end furthest from mouth)

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14
Q

motile medusa

A

a bell-shaped body with its mouth on the underside

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15
Q

example of cnidarians

A

jellies, corals, hydras

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16
Q

cnidocytes

A

unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey

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17
Q

nematocysts

A

specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging threat

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18
Q

clade of phylum cnidaria

A

medusozoa and anthozoa

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19
Q

medusozoans

A
  • include all cnidarians that produce a medusa
  • scyphozoans (jellies); Cubozoans (box jellies) which are highly toxic; Hydrozoans
  • most hydrozoans alternate between polyp and medusa form
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20
Q

anthozoans

A
  • includes the corals and sea anemones
  • anthozoans occur only as polyps
  • corals form symbioses with algae and secrete a hard exoskeleton
  • each gen grows on skeletal remains of previous gen
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21
Q

lophotrochozoans

A

flatworms, molluscs, annelids

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22
Q

flatworms

A
  • free-living, marine, FW, terrestrial habitats
  • many are parasites (flukes + tapeworms)
  • acoelomates
  • protonephridia
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23
Q

protonephridia

A

in the excretory apparatus; networks of ciliated tubules

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24
Q

best-known flatworms are…

A

planarians

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25
planarians
- live in FW, prey on small animals - light-sensitive eyespots and nerve nets - more complex nervous system compared to nerve nets of cnidarians - hermaprhodites
26
trematodes
parasitize humans; spend part of their lives in snail hosts; blood fluke (Schistosoma mansoni)
27
tapeworms
parasites of vertebrates; absorb nutrients from host's intestine
28
molluscs examples
snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses and squids; part of lophotrochozoans still - most marine
29
molluscs are protected by...
calcium carbonate shell, since they're soft bodied animals
30
mollsucs body plan
- muscular foot - visceral mass - mantle - water-filled mantle cavity and radula
31
radula
some mollusks feed using these straplike. structures
32
four of the major classes of molluscs are
polyplacophora (chitons) gastropoda (snails and slugs) bivalvia (clams, oysters, and other bivalves) cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses)
33
chitons
oval shaped marine animals, encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates - foot used like a suction cup to grip rock, radula to scrape algae
34
gastropods
- about ¾ of all extant molluscs - most are marine, but there are FW and terrestrial - gastropods move slowly by a rippling motion of the foot or cilia - most have a single, spiraled shell that functions in protection from predation & dehydration - most herbivores, some use modified radula to feed on prey
35
bivalves
- aquatic: clams, oysters, mussels, etc. - shell is two halves held together by adductor muscles - eyes and sensory tentacles along edge of mantle (feeding + exchange) - most sedentary but some have limited motility
36
cecphalopods
- active marine predators, beak-like jaws - immobilize prey w/ poison in saliva - reduced/missing shell - complex brain - squid, octopus, nautilus
37
annelids
coelomates with bodies composed of a series of fused rings
38
annelids clade division
polychaetes oligochaetes (earthworms) hirudinea (leeches)
39
polychaetes
- live in ocean - project feathery gills for gas exchange and filter water
40
earthworms
- eat through the soil - hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize - some asexual
41
leeches
- mostFW or marine or terrestrial - predators of inverts and parasites that suck blood - some secrete an anesthetic to prevent detection - hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating
42
what are ecdysozoans covered by?
tough coat called a cuticle
43
ecdysis
process of shedding/molting the cuticle
44
phyla of ecdysozoans
nematodes and arthorpods
45
nematodes
- roundworms - soil, marine - alimentary canal, no circulatory system - Trichinella spiralis is a parasite that can be acquired by humans from undercooked pork
46
arthropods
- about 1x10^9 (10 quintillion arthropods living on Earth) - body plan: segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages - body plan dates to Cambrian
47
open circulatory system
hemolymph (blood eq.) is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs (arthropods)
48
arthropods lineages
1. chelicerates (sea spidres, scorpions) 2. myriapods (centipedes and millipedes) 3. pancrustaceans (lobsters)
49
chelicerates
- named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae - earliest were eurypetrids (water scorpions) - horsehoe crabs survive, lots extinct
50
most modern day chelicerates are...
arachnids (spiders, ticks, scorpions)
51
book lungs
respiratory organs where gas exchange occurs in spiders
52
myriapods
- millipedes and centipedes terrestrial - antennae, 3 pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts
53
millepetes
- eat decaying leaves and plant matter diet - many legs with two pairs/segment
54
centipetes
- carnivores - one pair of legs/trunk segment - poison claw
55
pancrustaceans
- recent data: terrestrial insects are more closely related to crustaceans than myriapods - insects and crustaceans together
56
crustaceans
- crabs, lobsters, shrimps, etc. - marine, FW, terrestrial - specialized appendages
57
insects
- clade Hexapoda - terrestrial and FW - wings extension of cuticle
58
incomplete metamorphosis
the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size
59
complete metamorphosis
have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar
60
echinoderms
- sea stars/urchins - slow-moving, sessile marine - water vascular system, network of canals branching into tube feed for locomotion and feeding - radial symmetry
61
five clades of echinoderms
asteroidea, ophiuroidea, echnioidea,, crinoidea, holothuroidea
62
asteroidea
- sea stars - can regrow lost arms
63
ophiuroidea
- brittle stars - central disk and long flexible arms for movement
64
echinoidea
- sea urchins and sand dollars - no arms but five rows of tube feed
65
crinoidea
- sea lilies and feather stars - both use arms in suspension feeding
66
holothuroidea
- sea cucumbers - lack spines, very reduced endoskeleton
66
chordates
two basal group inverts and verts - bilaterally symmetrical - did not evolve from echinoderms, evolved separately
67
why is the concept of Surface Area (2D):Volume (3D) ratio important?
high ratio = more efficient gas/nutrient exchange why tiny/flat/intricate shapes are better for diffusion

biol 1202 (5 decks)

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