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chapter 30 - plant diversity II Flashcards

1
Q

what does a seed consist of?

A

an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

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2
Q

how long ago did seed plants originate?

A

360 million years ago

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3
Q

what are advantages of reduced gametophytes?

A

seed plants have microscopic ones, develop within walls of spores of parent sporophyte, protect the developing gametophyte from environmental stress and enable it to obtain nutrients from the sporophyte

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4
Q

what are homosporous plants?

A

plants that produce one kind of spore, usually produces a bisexual gametophyte; ferns

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5
Q

what are heteroporous plants?

A

plants that produce two types of spores; seed plants

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6
Q

what produces megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes?

A

megasporangia

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7
Q

what produces microspores that give rise to male gametophytes?

A

microsporangia

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8
Q

what does an ovule consist of?

A

megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments (tough outer layer)

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9
Q

how many integuments do angiosperms have?

A

two

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10
Q

what is a pollen grain?

A

microspore develops into a pollen grain, consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within pollen wall

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11
Q

what is pollination?

A

transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

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12
Q

evolutionary advantages of seeds over spores

A

can remain dormant for days to years until conditions are favorable, stored food, transported long distances by wind or animals

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13
Q

what does gymnosperm mean?

A

“naked seed”

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14
Q

three key features of gymnosperm life cycle

A

miniaturization of gametophytes, production of seeds, transfer of sperm to ovules using a pollen grain

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15
Q

what are the four phyla of gymnosperms?

A

cycadophyta, ginkophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta

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16
Q

phylum cycadophyta

A

large cones and palm-like leaves, cycads have flagellated sperm, survived during Mesozoic but endangered

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17
Q

phylum ginkophyta

A

single living species - Ginkgo biloba; also has flagellated sperm; high tolerance to air pollution and popular ornamental tree

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18
Q

phylum gnetophyta

A

three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra (diet aid), and welwitschia; can vary in appearance, be tropical or desert

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19
Q

phylum coniferophyta

A

largest gymnosperm phyla, most have woody cones, few fleshy; most conifers are evergreens and do photosynthesis all year - commercial uses, juniper berry makes jin

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20
Q

most widespread and diverse of all plants?

A

angiosperms

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21
Q

what single phylum are all angiosperms classified into?

A

anthophyta

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22
Q

what is a flower?

A

an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

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23
Q

what floral organs do flowers have?

A

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

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24
Q

sepals

A

enclose the flower

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25
petals
brightly colored to attract pollinators; wind-pollinated flowers lack brightly colored parts
26
stamens
male reproductive organs
27
carpels
female reproductive organs
28
what does a stamen consist of?
a stalk called filament with a sac called an anther (produces microspores that develop into male gametophyte)
29
what does a carpel consist of?
an ovary at the base of a style leading up to a sticky stigma, where pollen received
30
pistil
single carpel or two or more fused carpals
31
radial symmetry
any imaginary line through the central axis, divides the flower into 2 equal parts
32
bilateral symmetry
a flower can only be divided into two equal parts by a single imaginary line
33
what is a fruit?
formed when the ovary wall thickens and matures
34
what does a fruit do?
protect seeds and aid in their dispersal
35
embryo sac
female gametophyte, develops within an ovule
35
angiosperms originated about...
140 mya
36
who is the common ancestor to angiosperms?
a woody organism, not aquatic
37
eudicot
"true" dicots, includes most dicots
38
basal angiosperms
include the flowering plants, belonging to the oldest lineages
39
magnoliids
share traits w/ basal angiosperms but evolved later
40
monocots
one cotyledon
41
dicots
two cotyledons
42
examples of basal angiosperms
water lily, star anise, amborella trichopoda
43
examples of magnoliids
8,000 species, both woody and herbaceous plants, more related to monocots and eudicots than basal angiosperms
44
examples of monocots
70,000 species, 1/3 of angiosperms, orchids, grasses, palms
45
eudicots/dicots
170,000 species, 2/3 of angiosperms; large legume family and economically imp rose family
46
most of our food comes from...
angiosperms
47
six crops make up...
80% of the calories consumed by humans
48
what does loss of forests do?
reduce the absorption of atmospheric CO2 that occurs during photosynthesis
49
the remaining tropical forests will likely be eliminated in?
175 yrs
50
what percent of Earth's species will become extinct within the next few centuries?
estimated 50%
51
importance of tropical rain forests
may contain undiscovered medicinal compounds, loss of plant species -> loss of animal species that plants support
52
what is unusual about pine pollen grains?
- very large and airborne, visible to naked eye under microscope; wind pollination works well - two wings, increase surface area so stay in air longer and travel farther - don't fertilize until landing on female cone - high in protein, some use for nutrition
53
what are the two key adaptations of angiosperms?
flowers - attract pollinators, very efficient reproduction fruit - fruits help diverse seed, sweet to animals or wind/water dispersal
54
monoecious plants
both male and female reproductive organs are present on the same plant
55
dioecious plants
male and female reproductive organs are present on different plants dioecious plants need at least two different plants for reproduction
56
pollination vs germination
- pollination is meeting of male and female reproductive cells (pollen to stigma). - germination is the growth of a seed into a new plant
57
male vs female pie cones
male: yellow-ish in color, produces pollen in microsporangia, released into the air carried by wind to female female: larger, brown/green, harder in appereance, receives pollen and produce seeds and ovules
58
cycad cones poisonous
cycads have toxic compounds (cycasin - neurotoxin and carcinogen); cones usually most toxic but seeds and leaves could be as well
59
what sex of Ginkgo tree would you typically plant in your yard?
female ginkgo trees produce seeds that contain a fleshy outer coating, and start to rot, they smell terrible — like rancid butter or vomit
60
commercial uses for conifers
- timber - paper - gin from common juniper
61
orchids and tricking insects
- they'll smell/look like female bees, fooling male insects - lure insects by looking like they produce nectar when they don't - some briefly trap the insect, forcing it to crawl past pollen to escape
62
radial symmetry example
daffodil
63
bilateral symmetry example
orchid
64
fleshy fruit
- develop from a flower’s ovary and have a soft, thick pericarp juicy, edible fruits, what we think of; berry, nectarine, grapefruit, tomato
65
dry fruits
- these are not juicy — the pericarp becomes dry at maturity - legume like peas and beans, milkweed, hazelnut
66
explosive dispersal
seed pod builds up tension as it dries, and then pops open suddenly, flinging seeds far away - violets, witchhazel
67
fruit/berry dispersal (animal ingestion)
- seeds inside fleshy, tasty fruits like berries. - animals eat the fruit, and the seeds pass through their digestive system and get pooped out somewhere new - berries (like blueberries, cherries) apples, tomatoes, grapes
68
barbs or hooks
- seeds have barbs, hooks, or sticky surfaces that latch onto fur, feathers, or clothing. - animal carries them away until they fall off later. - burdock (inspired Velcro!), sandbur, beggar-ticks
69
how can shape of a flower influence what type of pollinators visit that flower?
radial symmetry - easy for pollinators (daisies, roses, tulips) - generalists like bees, flies bilateral symmetry - specialized entry/landing point, harder for pollinators (orchids, snapdragons) - specialists like hummingbirds, butterflies

biol 1202 (9 decks)

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