Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2 > CHAPTER 41: ANIMAL NUTRITION > Flashcards

CHAPTER 41: ANIMAL NUTRITION Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can animals extract the nutrients they need from food while not digesting their own tissues?

A

The compartmentalized processing protects body tissues while allowing enzymes and acids to break down nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What three needs must an adequate diet satisfy?

A
  • chemical energy for cellular processes
  • organic building blocks for macromolecules
  • essential nutrients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 classes of essential nutrients?

A
  • essential amino acids
  • essential fatty acids
  • vitamins
  • minerals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What 4 things do food processing involve?

A
  • ingestion/feeding mechanisms
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the four main feeding mechanisms of most animals?

A
  • Filter feeders: sift small food particles from water
  • Substrate feeders: live in or on their food
  • Fluid feeders: suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host
  • Bulk feeders: eat large pieces of food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two processes of digestion

A
  • Mechanical digestion: chewing or grinding

- Chemical digestion: enzymes breakdown food into small molecules that can pass through membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Animals with simple body plans have a digestive compartment ______(single opening) that functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients throughout the body. E.g hydra

A

gastrovascular cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

More complex body plan animals have a digestive tube with two openings which are a _______

A

mouth and anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the _________

A

mammalian digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In mammals, a number of _______ secrete digestive juices through ducts into the alimentary canal

A

accessory glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some mammalian accessory glands?

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Food Processing begins in the __________

A

oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Saliva contains _______ and _________

A

mucus and amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The tongue movements shape food into a ________ and helps with swallowing

A

bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The throat is also known as the ______

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The throat is the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the ______

A

trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The trachea leads to the __________

A

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The esophagus connects to the ______

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Swallowing causes the _______ to block entry to the trachea

A

epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two major roles of the stomach

A
  • storage of food

- processes food into a liquid suspension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is chyme

A

-The mixture of ingested food and gastric juice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What prevents chyme from entering the esophagus and regulates its entry into the small intestine

A

Sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occurs in the ________

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gastric juice has a low pH of ______ which denatures _________

A

2; proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is gastric juice made out of?

A

Pepsin and HCL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Is pepsin a protease?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are parietal cells?

A

They secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are chief cells?

A

They secrete inactive pepsinogen which is activated to pepsin when mixed with HCL.

30
Q

What does mucus do?

A

It protects the stomach lining from gastric juice

31
Q

What adds a new epithelial layer every three days?

A

Cell division

32
Q

What is the first portion of the small intestine?

A

duodenum

33
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A
  • Bicarbonate which neutralizes the acidic chyme

- Proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin

34
Q

Fat digestion is facilitated by _______

A

bile salt

35
Q

The small intestine has a huge _________ that is exposed to the intestinal lumen and greatly increases the rate of nutrient absorption

A

microvilli surface

36
Q

What carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

37
Q

What does the liver do?

A
  • Regulates nutrient distribution
  • Interconverts many organic molecules
  • Detoxifies many organic molecules
38
Q

Epithelial cells absorb fatty acids and monoglycerides and recombine them into _________

A

triglycerides

39
Q

These fats are coated with __________, ________ and __________ to form __________

A

phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins; water-soluble chylomicrons

40
Q

Chylomicrons are transported into a lacteal, a lymphatic vessel in each vessel. True/False

A

True

41
Q

The large intestine includes what?

A

colon, cecum and rectum

42
Q

Colon leads to the ______ and ________

A

rectum and anus

43
Q

What is the cecum?

A

Where the small and large intestines meet

In animals, it aids in fermenting ingested plant material

44
Q

The human cecum has an extension called the ___________ which acts as a reservoir for symbiotic microorganisms

A

appendix

45
Q

The colon completes the recovery of _________ that began in the small intestine

A

water

46
Q

________ vertebrates have less specialized teeth

A

Nonmammalian

47
Q

________ have large expandable stomachs

A

Carnivores

48
Q

Why do herbivores have longer alimentary canals than carnivores?

A

They need longer time to digest vegetation

49
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

The collection of the microorganisms living on the body

50
Q

What does H.pylori cause?

A

stomach ulcers

51
Q

Fermentation occurs in esophageal derivations?

A
  • Rumen
  • Reticulum
  • Omasum
52
Q

Herbivorous diet have evolved in the animals’ called ________

A

ruminants(4 chambers)

53
Q

What is Aabomasum?

A

True stomach

54
Q

What are giant tubeworms?

A

They have no digestive system and obtain nutrients from mutualistic bacteria within their bodies

55
Q

The steps in the digestive system are regulated by the _________

A

enteric nervous system

56
Q

In humans, energy is stored first in the _______ and __________ in the form of ___________

A

liver and muscle cells; glycogen

57
Q

Excess energy is stored in fat in _________

A

adipose cells

58
Q

When fewer calories are taken in, the human body expends ________ first then ________________

A

liver glycogen; muscle glycogen and fat

59
Q

Glucose homeostasis relies on the opposing effects of two hormones, which are?

A

insulin and glucagon

60
Q

What is insulin and glucagon?

A
  • They are both produced by islets of the pancreas
  • Alpha cells make glucagon
  • Beta cells make insulin
61
Q

What is the site for glucose homeostasis?

A

liver

62
Q

_________ are an exception; they can take up glucose whether insulin is present

A

Brain cells

63
Q

What is diabetes mellitus caused by?

A

It is caused by deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues

64
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

It is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas, sos insulin is not produced.
APPEARS DURING CHILDHOOD

65
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin is produced but the target cell is not responding
GENERALLY APPEARS AFTER THE AGE OF 40
NO EXRERCISE

66
Q

How do hormones regulate long-term and short-term appetite?

A

They do by affecting a “satiety center” in the brain

67
Q

What are some diseases that obesity contribute to?

A 
colon cancer
breast cancer
type 2 diabetes
heart attacks
strokes
68
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

It is a hormone that is secreted by the stomach wall and it triggers feelings of hunger before meals

69
Q

What is insulin?

A

It suppresses appetite acting on the brain

70
Q

What is leptin?

A

It is produced by adipose tissue and suppresses appetite and regulates body fat levels

71
Q

What is PYY?

A

It is secreted by the small intestine after meals to suppress appetite

Biology 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions