CHAPTER 40: ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION Flashcards
Adaptations in ____, _____ and ______ help maintain an animal’s internal environment.
form, function and behavior
All animals must obtain ______, ________, __________ to produce offspring
nutrients and oxygen, fight off infection and survive
Anatomy varies widely among animals due to _____ and ______
natural selection and adaptation
____ and ____ affect the way an animal interacts with its environment
Size and shape
The body plan of an animal is programmed by the ______
genome
What limits the range of animal forms?
Physical laws that govern strength, diffusion, movement and heat strength
Does physical laws influence max size?
Yes
As animals increase in size, __________ are required for support
thicker external or internal skeletons
Materials such as _____, ________ and _______ must be exchanged across the plasma membranes of animal cells
nutrients, gases and waste products
Rate of exchange is _______ to a cell’s surface area
proportional
A single-celled organism(e.g amoeba) living in water has _______ to carry out all necessary exchange.
sufficient surface area
Multicellular organisms with a saclike body plan have body walls that are only ________, facilitating diffusion of materials
two cells thick
Exchange(multicellular organisms e.g hydra) occurs at the outer surface and inside the ___________
gastrovascular cavity
In flat animals ( like _______) , most cells are in ___________
tapeworms; direct contact with their environment
In more complex organisms(e.g digestive systems), the evolutionary adaptations such as _________ enable sufficient exchange with the environment.
specialized, extensively branched or folded structures
The exchange surfaces are usually internal but are connected to the environment via ________
openings (e.g mouth)
An animal body is composed of cells organized into ______ that have common functions
tissues
Different tissues are organized into functional units called _______
organs
______ lack organs or true tissue
Sponges
A _____ helps an animal living in a variable environment to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
complex body plan
What are the four main types of animal tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous (Men Never Eat Coochie)
What is epithelial tissue?
It covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
How packed are epithelial cells?
Closely
Epithelial cells act as ______ junctions and can function as a _______
tight ; barrier
What are the 3 shapes epithelial cells can come in?
Cuboidal, columnar, squamous
What are the 3 arrangements of epithelial cells?
simple(single cell layer), stratified(multiple layers of cells) and pseudostratified (single layer of cells of varying length)
All epithelia are polarized. What does polarized mean?
They have 2 different sides
What are the 2 sides of epithelia called?
- Apical
- Basal
What side does the apical face
lumen(cavity) or outside of an organ. It exposed to fluid or air
What is connective tissue?
It mainly holds tissues and organs in place
Connective tissues are ____ packed cells scattered throughout an ____ matrix
sparsely ; extracellular
What are the three types of connective tissue fiber?
Collagenous fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers
(Can Remy Elaborate)
What are collagenous fibers?
They provide strength and flexibility
What are reticular fibers?
They join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
What are elastic fibers?
They stretch and snap back to their original length
What are the cells that the matrix contain?
Fibroblasts: secrete the protein of extracellular fibers
Macrophages: engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis
What are the 6 major types of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue Fibrous connective tissue Bone Adipose tissue Cartilage Blood
Tendons attach ______ to _________
muscles; bones
Ligaments connect ______
bones at joints
What is muscle tissue?
It is responsible for nearly all types of body movement
Muscle cells consist of filaments of the protein’s ______ and _____ which together enable muscles to contract
actin and myosin
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle(striated muscle): responsible for voluntary movement
Smooth muscle: responsible for involuntary movement (e.g mixing of the stomach)
Cardiac muscle: responsible for contraction of the heart
What is the nervous tissue?
It functions in the receipt, processing and transmission of information
What 2 things does nervous tissue contain?
Neurons : transmit nerve impulses
Glial cells: support cells
What are the 2 systems for coordinating and controlling responses?
Endocrine and the nervous systems
The endocrine system releases signaling molecules called ______ into the bloodstream
hormones
Hormones are relatively slow acting but can have _____ effects
long-lasting
In the endocrine system, the response is limited to the cells that have the ______ to the hormone signal.
specific receptor
What is the nervous system?
It transmits information between specific locations
Is nerve signal transmission fast?
Yes, nerve signal transmission is fast
In the nervous system, response is limited to the cells that connected by ______ of the neuron
specialized junctions to the axon
What kind of changes is the endocrine system well adapted for?
Gradual changes that affect the entire body such as growth, development, reproduction
What kind of responses is the nervous system well adapted for?
for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment such as reflexes and other rapid movements
What 2 ways do animals manage their internal environment?
regulating or conforming
What is a regulator?
A regulator uses internal control mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
What is conformer?
It allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external change
What do organisms use to maintain internal balance regardless of external environment?
homeostasis
What is then ph of blood?
7.4
In humans, what 3 things are maintained at a constant level?
body temp
blood pH
glucose concentration
What does homeostasis rely on in animals?
negative feedback
What is positive feedback?
It amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals
What is thermoregulation?
It is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range
How do endothermic animals generate heat
By metabolism; birds and mammals are endotherms
What is more energetically expensive, ectothermy or endothermy
endothermy
How do ectothermic animals gain heat?
from external sources; ectotherms include most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles
What does thermoregulation depend on?
It depends on the animal’s ability to control the exchange of heat with its environment
The body temperature of a ________ varies with its environment
poikilotherm(e.g largemouth bass)
The body temperature of a _____ is relatively constant
homeotherm(e.g river otter)
What are the 4 physical processes exchange of heat can occur?
- Radiation (absorb heat from sun and emit small energy to environment)
- Evaporation (removal of water from a lizard moist surface to the environment)
- Convection (air cause heat loss from a lizard’s dry skin)
- Conduction(Lizard sits on a hot rock. Heat is transferred between the lizard and the rock)
What system does heat regulation often involve?
integumentary system: skin, hair and nails
What are five adaptations that help animals thermo-regulate?
1) Insulation
2) Circulatory adaptations
3) Cooling by evaporative heat loss
4) Behavioral responses
5) Adjusting metabolic heat production
What are some features of mammals that help reduce heat flow between an animal and its environment?
Skin, feathers, fur and blubber
What is vasodilation?
Blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss to the environment by radiation, conduction and convection
What is vasoconstriction?
Blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
What allows for countercurrent exchange in marine animals and birds?
arrangement of bloods vessels
What are countercurrent heat exchangers?
They transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss to the environment.
A to V
What are two ways animals lose heat through evaporation of water from their skin?
- Sweating or bathing moistens the skin, helping to cool an animal down
- Panting increases the cooling effect in birds and many mammals
What is thermogenesis?
The adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature
What increases thermogenesis?
Muscle activity (e.g moving or shivering)
Nonshivering thermogenesis takes place when hormones causes ________ to increase heat instead of __________
mitochondria; ATP
What is brown fat?
It is a tissue that some mammals have specialized for rapid heat production
Where can brown fat be found?
It is found in infants of many mammals and in adult mammals that hibernate
What is torpor?
Physiological decrease activity and metabolism. It allows animals to save energy in difficult conditions.
What is bioenergetics?
- The overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
Where do animals(heterotrophs) harvest chemical energy from?
food
After the needs of staying alive are met, remaining food molecules can be used in ______
biosynthesis
What does biosynthesis include?
Growth and repair, synthesis of storage material such as fat, and production of gametes
What are some fundamental similarities between the evolutionary adaptations of plants and animals?
- Obtain oxygen
- Nourish themselves
- Fight off infection
- Produce offspring
