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Biology 2 > CHAPTER 40: ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION > Flashcards

CHAPTER 40: ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION Flashcards

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1
Q

Adaptations in ____, _____ and ______ help maintain an animal’s internal environment.

A

form, function and behavior

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2
Q

All animals must obtain ______, ________, __________ to produce offspring

A

nutrients and oxygen, fight off infection and survive

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3
Q

Anatomy varies widely among animals due to _____ and ______

A

natural selection and adaptation

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4
Q

____ and ____ affect the way an animal interacts with its environment

A

Size and shape

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5
Q

The body plan of an animal is programmed by the ______

A

genome

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6
Q

What limits the range of animal forms?

A

Physical laws that govern strength, diffusion, movement and heat strength

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7
Q

Does physical laws influence max size?

A

Yes

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8
Q

As animals increase in size, __________ are required for support

A

thicker external or internal skeletons

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9
Q

Materials such as _____, ________ and _______ must be exchanged across the plasma membranes of animal cells

A

nutrients, gases and waste products

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10
Q

Rate of exchange is _______ to a cell’s surface area

A

proportional

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11
Q

A single-celled organism(e.g amoeba) living in water has _______ to carry out all necessary exchange.

A

sufficient surface area

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12
Q

Multicellular organisms with a saclike body plan have body walls that are only ________, facilitating diffusion of materials

A

two cells thick

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13
Q

Exchange(multicellular organisms e.g hydra) occurs at the outer surface and inside the ___________

A

gastrovascular cavity

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14
Q

In flat animals ( like _______) , most cells are in ___________

A

tapeworms; direct contact with their environment

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15
Q

In more complex organisms(e.g digestive systems), the evolutionary adaptations such as _________ enable sufficient exchange with the environment.

A

specialized, extensively branched or folded structures

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16
Q

The exchange surfaces are usually internal but are connected to the environment via ________

A

openings (e.g mouth)

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17
Q

An animal body is composed of cells organized into ______ that have common functions

A

tissues

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18
Q

Different tissues are organized into functional units called _______

A

organs

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19
Q

______ lack organs or true tissue

A

Sponges

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20
Q

A _____ helps an animal living in a variable environment to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

A

complex body plan

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21
Q

What are the four main types of animal tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous (Men Never Eat Coochie)

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22
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

It covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

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23
Q

How packed are epithelial cells?

A

Closely

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24
Q

Epithelial cells act as ______ junctions and can function as a _______

A

tight ; barrier

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25
Q

What are the 3 shapes epithelial cells can come in?

A

Cuboidal, columnar, squamous

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26
Q

What are the 3 arrangements of epithelial cells?

A

simple(single cell layer), stratified(multiple layers of cells) and pseudostratified (single layer of cells of varying length)

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27
Q

All epithelia are polarized. What does polarized mean?

A

They have 2 different sides

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28
Q

What are the 2 sides of epithelia called?

A
  • Apical

- Basal

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29
Q

What side does the apical face

A

lumen(cavity) or outside of an organ. It exposed to fluid or air

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30
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

It mainly holds tissues and organs in place

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31
Q

Connective tissues are ____ packed cells scattered throughout an ____ matrix

A

sparsely ; extracellular

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32
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fiber?

A

Collagenous fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers
(Can Remy Elaborate)

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33
Q

What are collagenous fibers?

A

They provide strength and flexibility

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34
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

They join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

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35
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

They stretch and snap back to their original length

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36
Q

What are the cells that the matrix contain?

A

Fibroblasts: secrete the protein of extracellular fibers
Macrophages: engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis

37
Q

What are the 6 major types of connective tissue?

A 
Loose connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Bone
Adipose tissue
Cartilage
Blood
38
Q

Tendons attach ______ to _________

A

muscles; bones

39
Q

Ligaments connect ______

A

bones at joints

40
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

It is responsible for nearly all types of body movement

41
Q

Muscle cells consist of filaments of the protein’s ______ and _____ which together enable muscles to contract

A

actin and myosin

42
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle(striated muscle): responsible for voluntary movement
Smooth muscle: responsible for involuntary movement (e.g mixing of the stomach)
Cardiac muscle: responsible for contraction of the heart

43
Q

What is the nervous tissue?

A

It functions in the receipt, processing and transmission of information

44
Q

What 2 things does nervous tissue contain?

A

Neurons : transmit nerve impulses

Glial cells: support cells

45
Q

What are the 2 systems for coordinating and controlling responses?

A

Endocrine and the nervous systems

46
Q

The endocrine system releases signaling molecules called ______ into the bloodstream

A

hormones

47
Q

Hormones are relatively slow acting but can have _____ effects

A

long-lasting

48
Q

In the endocrine system, the response is limited to the cells that have the ______ to the hormone signal.

A

specific receptor

49
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

It transmits information between specific locations

50
Q

Is nerve signal transmission fast?

A

Yes, nerve signal transmission is fast

51
Q

In the nervous system, response is limited to the cells that connected by ______ of the neuron

A

specialized junctions to the axon

52
Q

What kind of changes is the endocrine system well adapted for?

A

Gradual changes that affect the entire body such as growth, development, reproduction

53
Q

What kind of responses is the nervous system well adapted for?

A

for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment such as reflexes and other rapid movements

54
Q

What 2 ways do animals manage their internal environment?

A

regulating or conforming

55
Q

What is a regulator?

A

A regulator uses internal control mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

56
Q

What is conformer?

A

It allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external change

57
Q

What do organisms use to maintain internal balance regardless of external environment?

A

homeostasis

58
Q

What is then ph of blood?

A

7.4

59
Q

In humans, what 3 things are maintained at a constant level?

A

body temp
blood pH
glucose concentration

60
Q

What does homeostasis rely on in animals?

A

negative feedback

61
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

It amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals

62
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

It is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range

63
Q

How do endothermic animals generate heat

A

By metabolism; birds and mammals are endotherms

64
Q

What is more energetically expensive, ectothermy or endothermy

A

endothermy

65
Q

How do ectothermic animals gain heat?

A

from external sources; ectotherms include most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles

66
Q

What does thermoregulation depend on?

A

It depends on the animal’s ability to control the exchange of heat with its environment

67
Q

The body temperature of a ________ varies with its environment

A

poikilotherm(e.g largemouth bass)

68
Q

The body temperature of a _____ is relatively constant

A

homeotherm(e.g river otter)

69
Q

What are the 4 physical processes exchange of heat can occur?

A
  • Radiation (absorb heat from sun and emit small energy to environment)
  • Evaporation (removal of water from a lizard moist surface to the environment)
  • Convection (air cause heat loss from a lizard’s dry skin)
  • Conduction(Lizard sits on a hot rock. Heat is transferred between the lizard and the rock)
70
Q

What system does heat regulation often involve?

A

integumentary system: skin, hair and nails

71
Q

What are five adaptations that help animals thermo-regulate?

A

1) Insulation
2) Circulatory adaptations
3) Cooling by evaporative heat loss
4) Behavioral responses
5) Adjusting metabolic heat production

72
Q

What are some features of mammals that help reduce heat flow between an animal and its environment?

A

Skin, feathers, fur and blubber

73
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss to the environment by radiation, conduction and convection

74
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

75
Q

What allows for countercurrent exchange in marine animals and birds?

A

arrangement of bloods vessels

76
Q

What are countercurrent heat exchangers?

A

They transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss to the environment.
A to V

77
Q

What are two ways animals lose heat through evaporation of water from their skin?

A
  • Sweating or bathing moistens the skin, helping to cool an animal down
  • Panting increases the cooling effect in birds and many mammals
78
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

The adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature

79
Q

What increases thermogenesis?

A

Muscle activity (e.g moving or shivering)

80
Q

Nonshivering thermogenesis takes place when hormones causes ________ to increase heat instead of __________

A

mitochondria; ATP

81
Q

What is brown fat?

A

It is a tissue that some mammals have specialized for rapid heat production

82
Q

Where can brown fat be found?

A

It is found in infants of many mammals and in adult mammals that hibernate

83
Q

What is torpor?

A

Physiological decrease activity and metabolism. It allows animals to save energy in difficult conditions.

84
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A
  • The overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
85
Q

Where do animals(heterotrophs) harvest chemical energy from?

A

food

86
Q

After the needs of staying alive are met, remaining food molecules can be used in ______

A

biosynthesis

87
Q

What does biosynthesis include?

A

Growth and repair, synthesis of storage material such as fat, and production of gametes

88
Q

What are some fundamental similarities between the evolutionary adaptations of plants and animals?

A
  • Obtain oxygen
  • Nourish themselves
  • Fight off infection
  • Produce offspring

Biology 2 (3 decks)

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