Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biol225 > Chapter 41 > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Flashcards

1
Q

Animal’s diet must supply

A
  • chemical energy
  • organic molecules
  • essential nutrients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Main stages of food processing:

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems

A

correlate with diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Feedback circuits regulate

A
  • digestion
  • energy storage
  • appetite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Animal’s fall into three nutrition categories:

A
  1. Herbivores (eat mainly plants and algae)
  2. Carnivores (eat other animals)
  3. Omnivores (regularly consume animals as well as plants/algae)

*most animals are opportunistic feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Animal’s diet provides:

A
  • chemical energy (converted to ATP = power for cellular processes)
  • organic building blocks
  • Essential nutrients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Essential nutrients

A

materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules; must be obtained from the diet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(Four) classes of essential nutrients

A
  1. essential amino acids
  2. Essential fatty acids
  3. Vitamins
  4. Minerals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Animals and their Aminos

A

require 20 amino acids

  • can synthesize about half from their diet
  • the essential amino acids (remaining) must be obtained from food in preassembled form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Essential amino acids

A

obtained from ingestion of “complete” proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

must be obtained from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids
-deficiencies in fatty acids are rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids with one or more double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vitamins

A

are organic molecules required in a diet in very small amounts
-13 essential for humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vitamin (two) categories

A
  1. Fat-soluble

2. Water-soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Minerals

A

simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts; ingestion of large amounts of some minerals can upset homeostatic balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Malnutrition

A

is a failure to obtain adequate nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ingestion

A

is the act of eating

-strategies for extracting resources from food differ widely among animal species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Suspension feeders

A

(many aquatic animals) which sift small food particles from the water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Substrate feeders

A

animals that live in or on their food source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fluid feeders

A

suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bulk feeders

A

eat relatively large pieces of food, less frequently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of feeders

A
  1. Suspension feeders
  2. Substrate feeders
  3. Fluid feeders
  4. Bulk feeders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Digestion

A

The process of breaking down food into molecules small enough to absorb:

  1. Mechanical digestion (chewing; increases size of food)
  2. Chemical digestion (splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chemical digestion

A
  • used to build larger molecules

- enzymatic hydrolysis splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Absorption

A

the uptake of nutrients by body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Elimination

A

passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Digestive compartments

A

(most animals process food in them)

reduce risk of an animal digesting its own cells and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

*sponges
food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis; food vacuoles (containing food) fuse with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

is the breakdown of food particles outside of cells; occurring in compartments continuous with outside of animal’s body cavity.

30
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

(animals with simple body plans) have this; functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

31
Q

more complex animal’s general digestive structure:

A

digestive tube with two openings (mouth and anus)

32
Q

Alimentary canal

A

(aka: complete digestive tract) is the digestive tube with mouth and anus as openings
* has specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in stepwise fashion.

33
Q

Contents of mammalian digestive system

A
  • alimentary canal

- accessory glands (that secrete digestive juices through ducts)

34
Q

Mammalian accessory glands

A
  • salivary gland
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
35
Q

Peristalsis

A

method at which food is pushed along tract; rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

36
Q

sphincters

A

(valves) that regulate movement of material between compartments

37
Q

First stage of digestion

A
  • mechanical
  • occurs in oral cavity
  • salivary glands deliver saliva (lubricate food)
  • teeth chew food (increasing surface area)
  • salivary amylase initiates breakdown of glucose polymers
  • saliva also contains mucus (salts, water, cells, glycoproteins)
38
Q

Second stage digestion

A
  • stomach stores food and begins digestion of proteins; secretes gastric juice, converting meal to chyme.
  • gastric juice pH=2; kills bacteria and denatures proteins
39
Q

Gastric juice contents

A

HCl and pepsin

40
Q

Pepsin

A

protease; protein-digesting enzyme which cleaves proteins into smaller peptides

41
Q

Parietal cells

A

secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the stomach lumen (cavity)

42
Q

Chief cells

A

secrete inactive pepsinogen

43
Q

Pepsinogen

A

is activated to pepsin when mixed with HCl in stomach

44
Q

Mucus in stomach

A

protects the stomach lining from gastric juice

45
Q

Gastric ulcers

A

lesions in lining, caused mainly by H. Pylori

46
Q

Small intestine

A

the longest section of the alimentary canal; site of most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food

47
Q

Duodenum

A

is the first portion of small intestine; where stomach chyme mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gallbladder and SI itself

48
Q

Pancreas

A

produces proteases, which are activated in the lumen of duodenum:

  • trypsin
  • chymotrypsin

*solution is alkaline and neutralized acidic chyme

49
Q

Bile

A

aids in digestion and absorption of fats in SI

  • made in liver
  • stored in gallbladder
  • also destroys nonfunctional RBC’s
50
Q

Villi and Microbilli

A

exposed to the intestinal lumen; increasing surface area of SI
-creates a brush border that greatly increases rate of nutrient absorption

51
Q

SI transport across epithelial cells

A

can be (depending on the nutrient):

  • passive
  • active
52
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

carries nutrient-rich blood from the villi capillaries to the liver, then to the heart

53
Q

Liver

A
  • regulates nutrient distribution
  • interconverts many organic molecules
  • detoxifies many organic molecules
54
Q

Epithelia cells in SI

A

absorb fatty acids and momoglycerides; recombines them into triglycerides

55
Q

Colon of LI

A

attached to SI

  • recovers water that has entered alimentary canal
  • houses bacteria that live on unabsorbed organic material (e-coli, for example)
56
Q

Cecum

A

aids in fermentation of plant material; connects where SI and LI meet

57
Q

Human Cecum

A

contains appendix; plays a minor role in immunity

58
Q

Feces

A

include undigested material and bacteria; become more solid as they move through colon

59
Q

Vertebrates digestive systems

A

are variations on a common plan. Most adaptations (intriguing) are often related to diet

60
Q

many carnivores have

A

large, expandable stomachs

61
Q

herbivores and omnivores

A

generally have longer alimentary canals than carnivores; reflecting longer time needed to digest vegetation

62
Q

Mutualistic adaptations

A

some intestinal bacteria produce vitamins; also regulate development of intestinal epithelium and function of innate immune system

63
Q

ruminants

A

most elaborate adaptations for herbivorous diet evolved in animals
-most herbivores have fermentation chambers where mutualistic microorganisms digest cellulose

64
Q

helps to regulate digestive processes

A
  • enteric division of nervous system

- endocrine system

65
Q

Regulation of energy storage

A
  • body stores E-rich molecules (not needed right away for metabolism
  • in humans: liver 1st, muscle cells *in the polymer glycogen
  • excess energy stored as fat *adipose tissue
66
Q

most space-efficient storage tissue

A

adipose tissue

67
Q

when fewer calories are taken in than needed

A

the human body expends liver glycogen first, then muscle glycogen and fat.

68
Q

Ghrelin

A

hormone secreted by stomach wall triggers feelings of hunger before meals

69
Q

Insulin and PYY

A

hormones secreted by the small intestine after meals, both suppress appetite

70
Q

Leptin

A

produced by adipose tissue; also suppressed appetite and plays role in regulating body fat levels.

Biol225 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions