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Biol225 > Chapter 33/34 > Flashcards

Chapter 33/34 Flashcards

1
Q

Invertebrates

A

animals lacking a backbone

  • 95% of known animal species
  • occupy almost every habitat on earth
  • morphologically diverse
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2
Q

Porifera

A

sponges

  • sedentary
  • live in marine or fresh waters
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3
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A
  • platyhelminthes
  • rotifera
  • acanthecephala
  • nemertea
  • cycliophora
  • ectoproctaBrachiopoda
  • annelida
  • mullosca
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4
Q

Ecdysozoa

A
  • Loricifera
  • Priapula
  • Tardigrade
  • Onychophora
  • Nematoda
  • Arthropoda
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5
Q

Deuterostomia

A
  • Hemichordata
  • Chordata
  • Echinodermata
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6
Q

Cnidarians are an…

A

ancient phylum of eumetazoans

-one of the oldest in eumetazoan clade

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7
Q

Cnidaria

A

both sessile and motile forms

-jellies, corals and hydras

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8
Q

Cnidaria body plan

A

simple, diploblastic+radial body plan:

-sac with central digestive compartment (gastrovascular cavity)

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9
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

sac with central digestive compartment observed in cnidarians

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10
Q

Bilateria body plan

A

Have bilateral symmetry and triploblastic development. Most have choelom and digestive track with two openings:

  1. Lophotrochozoa
  2. Ecdysozoa
  3. Deuterostomia
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11
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A
  • some develop lophophore for feeding
  • others pass through a trochophore larval stage
  • others have neither feature
  • flatworms
  • rotifers
  • ectroprocts
  • brachiopods
  • molluscs
  • annelids
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12
Q

Rotifers

A
  • tiny
  • inhibit fresh water, ocean water or damp soil
  • similar to many protists, but are multicellular (truly) and have specialized organ systems
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13
Q

Why are Echdysozoans are the most species rich animal group?

A
  • covered by a tough coat (cuticle)

- Cuticle is shed/molted (ecdysis)

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14
Q

two largest echdysozoan phyla

A
  1. Nematodes

2. Arthropods

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15
Q

Nematodes

A
  • roundworms
  • include many parasites and C. Elegans
  • found in: most aquatic habitats, in soil, moist tissue of plants, in body fluids, tissues of animals
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16
Q

Arthropods

A

2/3 of known species of animals

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17
Q

Phyl: Echinoderms

A

-sea stars, sea urchins

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18
Q

Phyl: Chordates

A
  • Bilaterally symmetrical choelomates with segmented bodies
  • did NOT evolve from echinoderms; but have evolved separately for at least 500million years
  • 2 subphyla:
    1. invertebrates
    2. vertebrates
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19
Q

Clade Deuterostomia comprised of… (2)

A
  1. Echinoderms

2. Chordates

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20
Q

Deuterostomes share developmental characteristics…

A
  1. Radial cleavage
  2. Formation of the anus from the blastopore
    * defined primarily by DNA similarities*
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21
Q

Chordates have a…

A

-Notochord+dorsal, hollow nerve cord

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22
Q

Vertebrates have a…

A

-Backbone

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23
Q

Gnathostomes

A

-vertebrates that have jaws

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24
Q

Tetrapods

A

-gnathostomes that have limbs

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25
Q

Amniotes

A

-tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg

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26
Q

Mammals are…

A

Amniotes that have hair and produce milk

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27
Q

Humans are…

A

Mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion

28
Q

365million years ago

A

one lineage of vertebrates colonized land

29
Q

how many vertebrates (species)

A

52 000;

  • including the largest organisms ever to live on earth.
  • great disparity, wide range of differences within the group.
30
Q

Chordates

A

Phylum chordata

  • bilaterian
  • deuterostomia
  • comprises all vertebrates and two groups of invertebrates
31
Q

derived characters of chordates (4)

A
  • all share set of derived characters; some species have some of these trains only during embryonic development
    1. Notochord
    2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
    3. Pharyngeal slits/clefts
    4. Muscular, post-anal tail
32
Q

Notochord

A

a longitudinal, flexible rod b/w digestive tube and nerve cord.

  • provides skeletal support throughout most length of chordate
  • in most vertebrates, a more complex+jointed skeleton develops; the adult retains only remnants of embryonic notochord
33
Q

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

A
  • develops from a plate of ectoderm, rolls into tube (dorsal to notochord)
  • develops into CNS
34
Q

pharyngeal clefts

A

in most chordates, grooves in pharynx that develop into slits that can open to the outside of the body

35
Q

pharyngeal slits (functions)

A
  1. Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates
  2. Gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs and tetrapods).
  3. Develop into parts of the ear, head, neck (in tetrapods).
36
Q

Muscular, post-anal tail

A

Chordates have tail posterior to anus

  • in many species, tail greatly reduced during embryonic development
  • contains skeletal elements and muscles
  • provides propelling force (in many aquatic species)
37
Q

Tunicates

A
  • most resemble chordates as larvae

- adults draw in water to filter food particles

38
Q

Vertebrates have… and tunicates have…

A

Two or more sets of Hox genes

only one cluster of Hox genes

39
Q

Vertebrates have (2) derived characters

A
  1. Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord

2. An elaborate skull

40
Q

Earliest vertebrates…

A

lacked jaws; two lineages remain today:

  • Hagfishes
  • Lampreys
41
Q

Gnathostomes are…

A

Vertebrates that have jaws

  • outnumbers jawless vertebrates
  • sharks, et al
  • ray-finned fishes
  • Lobe-finned fishes
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles (including birds)
  • Mammals
42
Q

Gnathostomes hypothesized

A

to have evolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal (gill) slits

43
Q

Chondrichthyans

A

vertebrates that have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage
subclass 1
-sharks
-Rays, et al

subclass 2
-ratfishes
chimaeras

44
Q

Osteichthyes

A

the vast majority of vertebrates belong to this clade of gnathostomes:

  • nearly all have bony endoskeleton
  • include bony fish tetrapods
  • aquatic Osteichthyes=fish!
45
Q

Tetrapods

A

are Gnathostomes that have limbs:

  • four limbs, with feet & digits
  • neck, allowing separate movement of head
  • fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone
  • absence of gills (excl. some aquatic species)
  • ears for detecting airborne sounds
46
Q

One of the most significant events in vertebrate evolutionary history…

A

when fins of some lobe-fins evolved into the limbs & feet of tetrapods

47
Q

(class) Amphibia

A

approx 6, 150 species:

  • frogs
  • toads
  • salamanders
  • Caecillians
48
Q

Amniotes are…

A

Tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg

49
Q

Amniotic egg was the key…

A

adaptation to life on land

50
Q

amniotic eggs of most reptiles (& some mammals)

A

have a shell

51
Q

Other terrestrial adaptations of Amniotes…

A
  • relatively impermeable skin

- ability to use the rib cage (to ventilate lungs)

52
Q

Reptile (clade)

A 
Have scales (waterproof barrier), most lay shelled eggs on land.
Most are ectothermic, except birds (endothermic)
  • tuataras
  • lizards
  • snakes
  • turtles
  • crocodilians
  • Birds
  • some extinct groups*
53
Q

endothermic

A

capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolism

54
Q

ectothermic

A

absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat

55
Q

Birds

A

Dinosaurs (hence reptile clade), but almost every feature of their reptilian anatomy has been modified to adapt for flight:
-wings with keratin feathers

56
Q

Derived characteristics of birds (4)

A
  1. Lack of urinary bladder
  2. Females with only one ovary
  3. Small gonads in both sexes
  4. Loss of teeth
57
Q

Derived characteristics of mammals (5)

A
  1. Mammary glands (produce milk)
  2. Hair
  3. High metabolic rate (due to endothermy)
  4. Larger brain than other vertebrates (of equal size)
  5. Differentiated teeth
58
Q

Early mammalian evolution

A

(by early Cretaceous) three lineages of mammals emerged:

  1. Monotremes
  2. Marsupials
  3. Eutherians
    * mammals did not undergo a significant adaptive radiation until after Cretaceous*
59
Q

Monotremes

A

egg-laying mammals

  • Echidnas
  • platypus
60
Q

Marsupials

A

mammals whom embryo develops within uterus and born very early in gestation:
-opossum

61
Q

Primates (mammalian order)

A

have hands and feet adapted for grasping, and flat nails.

  • lemurs
  • tarsiers
  • monkeys
  • apes (humans part of this group)
62
Q

Primate derived characteristics (4)

A
  1. Large brain, short jaws
  2. Fwd-looking eyes, close together on face (provides depth perception)
  3. complex social behaviour & parental care
  4. Fully opposable thumb (monkeys & apes)
63
Q

200 000 years ago

A

species homo sapien’s age

64
Q

Derived characteristics of humans (compared to others in ape group)

A
  1. Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
  2. Larger brains, capable of; language + symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools
  3. Reduced jawbones + jaw muscles
  4. Shorter digestive tract
65
Q

99% identical genomes

A

humans and chimpanzees; changes in regulatory genes can have large effects.

66
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

the study of human origins

67
Q

Hominins

A

are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees

extinct

Biol225 (7 decks)

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