Chapter 33/34 Flashcards

Question

Amniotes

Answer 1

-tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg

Answer 2

Amniotes that have hair and produce milk

Answer 3

Mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion

Answer 4

one lineage of vertebrates colonized land

Answer 5

52 000; - including the largest organisms ever to live on earth. - great disparity, wide range of differences within the group.

Answer 6

Phylum chordata - bilaterian - deuterostomia - comprises all vertebrates and two groups of invertebrates

Answer 7

- all share set of derived characters; some species have some of these trains only during embryonic development 1. Notochord 2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal slits/clefts 4. Muscular, post-anal tail

Answer 8

a longitudinal, flexible rod b/w digestive tube and nerve cord. - provides skeletal support throughout most length of chordate - in most vertebrates, a more complex+jointed skeleton develops; the adult retains only remnants of embryonic notochord

Answer 9

- develops from a plate of ectoderm, rolls into tube (dorsal to notochord) - develops into CNS

Answer 10

in most chordates, grooves in pharynx that develop into slits that can open to the outside of the body

Answer 11

1. Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates 2. Gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs and tetrapods). 3. Develop into parts of the ear, head, neck (in tetrapods).

Answer 12

Chordates have tail posterior to anus - in many species, tail greatly reduced during embryonic development - contains skeletal elements and muscles - provides propelling force (in many aquatic species)

Answer 13

- most resemble chordates as larvae | - adults draw in water to filter food particles

Answer 14

Two or more sets of Hox genes only one cluster of Hox genes

Answer 15

1. Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord | 2. An elaborate skull

Answer 16

lacked jaws; two lineages remain today: - Hagfishes - Lampreys

Answer 17

Vertebrates that have jaws - outnumbers jawless vertebrates - sharks, et al - ray-finned fishes - Lobe-finned fishes - Amphibians - Reptiles (including birds) - Mammals

Answer 18

to have evolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal (gill) slits

Answer 19

vertebrates that have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage subclass 1 -sharks -Rays, et al subclass 2 -ratfishes chimaeras

Answer 20

the vast majority of vertebrates belong to this clade of gnathostomes: - nearly all have bony endoskeleton - include bony fish tetrapods - aquatic Osteichthyes=fish!

Answer 21

are Gnathostomes that have limbs: - four limbs, with feet & digits - neck, allowing separate movement of head - fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone - absence of gills (excl. some aquatic species) - ears for detecting airborne sounds

Answer 22

when fins of some lobe-fins evolved into the limbs & feet of tetrapods

Answer 23

approx 6, 150 species: - frogs - toads - salamanders - Caecillians

Answer 24

Tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg

Answer 25

adaptation to life on land

Answer 26

have a shell

Answer 27

- relatively impermeable skin | - ability to use the rib cage (to ventilate lungs)

Answer 28

``` Have scales (waterproof barrier), most lay shelled eggs on land. Most are ectothermic, except birds (endothermic) ``` - tuataras - lizards - snakes - turtles - crocodilians - Birds * some extinct groups*

Answer 29

capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolism

Answer 30

absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat

Answer 31

Dinosaurs (hence reptile clade), but almost every feature of their reptilian anatomy has been modified to adapt for flight: -wings with keratin feathers

Answer 32

1. Lack of urinary bladder 2. Females with only one ovary 3. Small gonads in both sexes 4. Loss of teeth

Answer 33

1. Mammary glands (produce milk) 2. Hair 3. High metabolic rate (due to endothermy) 4. Larger brain than other vertebrates (of equal size) 5. Differentiated teeth

Answer 34

(by early Cretaceous) three lineages of mammals emerged: 1. Monotremes 2. Marsupials 3. Eutherians * mammals did not undergo a significant adaptive radiation until after Cretaceous*

Answer 35

egg-laying mammals - Echidnas - platypus

Answer 36

mammals whom embryo develops within uterus and born very early in gestation: -opossum

Answer 37

have hands and feet adapted for grasping, and flat nails. - lemurs - tarsiers - monkeys - apes (humans part of this group)

Answer 38

1. Large brain, short jaws 2. Fwd-looking eyes, close together on face (provides depth perception) 3. complex social behaviour & parental care 4. Fully opposable thumb (monkeys & apes)

Answer 39

species homo sapien's age

Answer 40

1. Upright posture and bipedal locomotion 2. Larger brains, capable of; language + symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools 3. Reduced jawbones + jaw muscles 4. Shorter digestive tract

Answer 41

humans and chimpanzees; changes in regulatory genes can have large effects.

Answer 42

the study of human origins

Answer 43

are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees | *extinct*